Characterization of Women in The Yellow Wallpaper and Desirees Baby

Characterization of Women in The Yellow Wallpaper and Desirees Baby There was a time (not so long ago) when a mans superiority and pronouncement wasnt a question, but an accepted truth. In the two short stories, Desirees Baby, and The Yellow Wallpaper, women are portrayed as weak creatures of vanity with shallow or absent personalities, who are dependent on men for their livelihood, and even their sanity. Without men, these women were absolutely helpless and useless. Their very existence hinged on absolute and unquestioning long-sufferingalone, a woman is nothing. The setting of both stories reinforces the notion of wo mens dependence on men. The late 1800s were a turbulent time for womens roles. The turn of the century brought about revolution, provide by the energy and freedom of a new horizonbut it was still just around the bend. In this era, during which both short stories were published, members of the weaker sex were blatantly disregarded as individuals, who had minds tha t could think, and reason, and form valid opinions. Also, in both tales, the characters are removed from society. In Desirees Baby, the plantation is bordered by a scene of action and a bayou, isolating its inhabitants from the world. The narrator of The Yellow Wallpaper tells us, Out of one window I can see a gardenout of some other I get a lovely view of the bay and a little private wharf (161). They are out in the country, where the modern metropolis cant touch them, or begin to mold their sexist ways and old fashioned ideals into contemporary mindsets. This seclusion also ensures that no outside forces threaten the mens absolute and total control of their weak, defenseless charges. In addition to their surroundings, the homes themselves... ...no worth. Its very sad to think that a woman and a man could have ever so thought this way. However, its even sadder to think that some still do. Women everywhere suffer abuse, mental or otherwise, at the hands or their (pri)mates ev ery day. They must aim the strength in themselves and the confidence to know that THEY are the ones who determine their own fateand to realize that no one has the right to put them down. Our foremothers worked hard to pack sure that we had choices-- not obligations. And when we let someone else take those choices from us, they are really taking our freedom, and our life. Works CitedChopin, Kate. Dsires Baby. 1893. 8 Apr. 2003Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. 1892. The refreshful England Magazine. Reprinted in Lives & Moments - An Introduction to Short Fiction by Hans Ostrom. Hold,Orlando, FL 1991.

Interpreting Hamlet’s Ophelia Essay examples -- GCSE English Literatur

Interpreting Hamlets OpheliaWas Ophelia in love with Hamlet, or did she have more timber for her father than for her boyfriend? In Shakespeares Hamlet was Ophelias madness contributed to by the princes rejection of her? The answers to these and other questions ab off this tragic figure will be given. Rebecca West in A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption argues that Ophelia has no love for Hamlet, but only for her father For the apologue which has been built round Hamlet is never more perverse than when it pretends that Ophelia went mad for love and killed herself. No line in the play suggests that she felt either erotic love or affection for Hamlet. She never mentions him in the mad scene, and Horatio says of her, She speaks much of her father. Indeed she was in a situation which requires no sexual gloss. Her father had been murdered by a member of the royal house, and she found herself without protection, since her brother Laertes was in France, in the midst of a crisis such as might well send her out of her wits with fear. For the Danes hostile to the royal house made of her wrong a new pretext for their hostility, and the royal house, noting this, turned against her, helpless though she was . . .. (109) Beginning in a flash with the play, the reader/viewer sees that the protagonist of the tragedy, Prince Hamlet, initially appears dressed in solemn black. He is mourning the death of his father, supposedly by snakebite, while he was forward at Wittenberg as a student. Hamlet laments the hasty remarriage of his mother to his fathers brother, an incestuous act thus in his first soliloquy he cries out, Frailty, thy name is woman Ophelia enters the play with her brother Laertes, who, in parting for s... ...ies. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Rpt. from Shakespeares Women. N.p. n.p., 1981. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1 995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of incline and American Literature. pertly York G.P. Putnams Sons, 190721 New York Bartleby.com, 2000 http//www.bartleby.com/215/0816.html West, Rebecca. A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 1957. Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. Shakespeare. Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.

Robert Frost Home Burial - A Reflection of Reality Essay -- Home Buri

  berth Burial as a Reflection of Reality      Robert Frosts Home Burial is a masterfully pen work, conceived from his and his wifes anguish at the loss of their first-born son as well as from the estrangement between his sister-in-law and her husband due to the remainder of their child. In Donald J. Greiners commentary on Frosts works, The Indespensible Robert Frost, it is revealed that Mrs. Frost could not ease her grief following Elliots death, and Frost later reported that she knew then that the world was evil. Amy in Home Burial makes the same observati often it seems that writers have their own personal inspiration that fuels a great work to cause its readers to realize the complexity of the human nature. Robert Frosts Home Burial is a masterfully written example of such works, conceived from his and his wifes anguish at the loss of their first-born son as well as from the estrangement between his sister-in-law and her husband due to the death of the ir child. In Donald J. Greiners commentary on Frosts works, The Indespensible Robert Frost, it is revealed that Mrs. Frost could not ease her grief following Elliots death, and Frost later reported that she knew then that the world was evil. Amy in Home Burial makes the same observation. Home Burial illustrates the cause of the poop outing marriage as a breakdown of communication, both verbally and physically, between ii people who adopt totally different views in the midst of crisis. Amy does not believe that her husband is in mourning over the death of their child. Her view female genital organ be defended by the fact that she is feeling unimaginable pain that she justly feels is unique to the nurturing nature of a mother. The child tha... ...eir ability to talk normally to eachother, further also because the physical side of their marriage is absent. Touch is a form of communication that the total absence of alone can destroy a lovable union. Frost leaves the reader with a realistically portrayed image of their marital turmoil reaching a height as Amy opens the door, ready to walk give away on the marriage. The melancholy conclusion to Frosts work ends up being the result of failed communication. Home Burial is unfortunately a reflection of the reality that many marriages fail in the event of a childs death. A lack of communication, both verbally and physically, tears apart two people even without a tragedy as profound as the one that Frost and his wife experienced. Frosts work is an expression of the more serious and traumatic side of nature and reveals the consequences of inevitable human flaws.  

The Real Sex Addiction Essay -- sexual compulsive behavior

In this time period, there are many different disorders and illnesses that go unnoticed, and un cognize. association creates stereotypes about illnesses such as obsessive imperative disorder, clinical Depression, and many other mental afflictions. Another that seems to remain controversial and misunderstood is sexual imperious behaviors. Many see it as an cut to act a certain right smart, or think a certain way in reality it is a serious mental disorder that can cause devastating effects on the people that are consumed by them and the people who are around them. Something that is however, known about sexual compulsive behaviors is that there are certain things that can emotionally damage a person and cause them to have these behaviors. The three major(ip) causes of sexual compulsive behaviors are trauma during childhood, insecure personal relationships, and improper or undeveloped coping mechanisms. Sexual compulsive behaviors have been around as long as many of the other disord ers. However, there are certain specifics surrounding the issue that makes it more controversial, and therefore harder to diagnose and treat. The main argument is that it is an excuse for men that makes it okay for them to have affairs. This argument has been made partly because of certain movie stars and professional athletes, who use sex addiction as a way to save their careers and their relationships. However, this argument isnt attribut commensurate to this subject because of the terminology that is used. The term sex addiction is not accurate for many reasons. When using the term, addiction ace must be careful, because there is technical definitions of the word that need to be observed these definitions are determined in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Ment... ...5 Oct. 2013.The author has her CNM, PhD, RN, and CNP. She has worked in many different hospitals and areas helping women with sexual abuse and sexual compulsivity. This articles purpose is to bring to light the problem of sexual compulsive behaviors in women that go largely unnoticed. It breaks down this problem in women, and addresses all the different aspects of it. She focuses on how to treat it, and how nurses can play a large function in this. This article was written for nurses who are going to encounter women who have these sexual compulsive behaviors. It is meant to counsel them and give them the necessary nurture to make them able to help these patients. It is a very good source because it focuses on women, who mostly go undetected in sexual compulsive behavior studies. It has valuable information about the potential causes of these behaviors.

All too often children are labeled as slow or stupid; they are put :: Economics

All too often children are labeled as retard or stupid they are put aside into special classes for the slower kids and looked down upon by the smarter kids.All too often children are labeled as slow or stupid they are putaside into special classes for the slower kids and looked down upon bythe smarter kids. Teachers and parents look at them in disappointmentfor the broad potential they in one case saw in their childs eyes has goneto waste. Many teens that now believe that their stupidity is a truthwere once as young children, praised for their quick learning andbrightness. There must be an explanation for this. The explanation forme along with many other kids is the learning disorder calleddyslexia. I would like to give them a combination of the next to definitions. Acomplex neurological condition, the symptoms may effect many areas oflearning and function and may be described as a difficulty in reading,spelling and written language (Reid 2), as defined by The BritishDyslexia Assoc iation in 1997.This is a common definition of dyslexia. The other definition ofdyslexia is an inherited neurological difference, resulting inlanguage, perception, processing, and attention concentrationdeferences (Dyslexia Research Institute 1). Dyslexia is a dangerousdisorder that do an estimated 5 percent to 15 percent ofchildren (UniSci 1).This number is extremely high yet many do not know the effects thatdyslexia has on the learning process and the emotional development ofchildren, or understands what dyslexia even is.It has been found through research that dyslexia is a disorderoccurring in the mind-set. On the UniSci WebPages, it was declared that anissue of the American Journal of Neuroradiology provided evidence thatdyslexia is indeed a brain-based disorder (1). Many tests andresearches have been done to prove and also further the discovery ofhow the dyslectic brain works so that we may better understand it.Researchers at the University of Washington found that dyslexi cs wereusing 4.6 times as much area of the brain or five times the brain areato do the same language task as the other kids who were not dyslexic(UniSci 1). That translated means that the dyslexics brain worksmuch harder and uses much more energy than that of a normal somebody(UniSci 1).Also, the researchers found that the difference between the dyslexicperson and a normal person relates to auditory language and not tononlinguistic auditory function (UniSci 1). This was shown through astudy using six dyslexic boys and seven normal boys. All of the boyswere fitted with earphones and asked to perform four tasks while their

All too often children are labeled as slow or stupid; they are put :: Economics

All too often children are labeled as softened or stupid they are put aside into special classes for the slower kids and looked down upon by the smarter kids.All too often children are labeled as slow or stupid they are putaside into special classes for the slower kids and looked down upon bythe smarter kids. Teachers and parents look at them in disappointmentfor the capital potential they at once saw in their childs eyes has goneto waste. Many teens that now believe that their stupidity is a truthwere once as young children, praised for their quick learning andbrightness. There must be an explanation for this. The explanation forme along with many other kids is the learning disorder calleddyslexia. I would like to give them a combination of the next to definitions. Acomplex neurological condition, the symptoms may effect many areas oflearning and function and may be described as a difficulty in reading,spelling and written language (Reid 2), as defined by The BritishDyslexia Asso ciation in 1997.This is a common definition of dyslexia. The other definition ofdyslexia is an inherited neurological difference, resulting inlanguage, perception, processing, and attention concentrationdeferences (Dyslexia Research Institute 1). Dyslexia is a serious-mindeddisorder that effectuate an estimated 5 percent to 15 percent ofchildren (UniSci 1).This number is extremely high yet many do not know the effects thatdyslexia has on the learning process and the emotional development ofchildren, or understands what dyslexia even is.It has been found through research that dyslexia is a disorderoccurring in the encephalon. On the UniSci WebPages, it was give tongue to that anissue of the American Journal of Neuroradiology provided evidence thatdyslexia is indeed a brain-based disorder (1). Many tests andresearches have been done to prove and also further the discovery ofhow the dyslectic brain works so that we may better understand it.Researchers at the University of Washingt on found that dyslexics wereusing 4.6 times as much area of the brain or five times the brain areato do the same language task as the other kids who were not dyslexic(UniSci 1). That translated means that the dyslexics brain worksmuch harder and uses much more energy than that of a normal psyche(UniSci 1).Also, the researchers found that the difference between the dyslexicperson and a normal person relates to auditory language and not tononlinguistic auditory function (UniSci 1). This was shown through astudy using six dyslexic boys and seven normal boys. All of the boyswere fitted with earphones and asked to perform four tasks while their

Maya Angelou’s “I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings” Essay

Maya Angelous I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings chronicles the early years of the authors bearing up to age seventeen. In the book, Angelou poetically describes the phenomenon that is growing up black, in the south, in the cartridge clip before and during World War II. I believe that you argon expected to interpret this as a memoir of overcoming the odds. I believe that you are expected to regard the happenings of this book with feelings of empathy and/or sympathy. You are also mantic to marvel at the way Angelou persevered to become the woman (and writer) she is today.At the end of the prologue, Angelou states that, If growing up is painful for the Southern Black girl, being aware of her supplanting is the rust on the razor that threatens the throat. (4)The razor to the throat is symbolic of authority. To a Southern black girl in the 1930s and 40s, authority is close everyone. Young black female was the absolute bottom of the barrel. She must let herself be ruled by all sorts. Ol der black kids, black adults, and anyone gabardine. Likewise, these flock are ready to pounce on her should she do the least little occasion wrong. Everyone was reprimanded for one thing or another as a child. No one enjoyed it. Imagine being surrounded by people, just waiting for you to slip up so that they can yell at you, punish you, etcetera. with this, Angelou gaines your sypathy, and you may very well find yourself in awe that Angelou made it through such a childhood with her sanity intact.When a young Maya Angelous grand get tried to take her to a white dentist who owed her a favor, the dentist said, Annie, my policy is Id rather stick my hand in a dogs mouth than a niggers. (189) This adds upon the point made earlier. The pain of a toothache combined with the pain of wounded pride. Maya Angelou has colossal amounts of pride. She spent most of her years in Stamps, Georgia being insulted by one thing or another. Some of the occasions were insulting (the dentist), while b oth(prenominal) others were the product of reading too deeply into something, like when a white politician came to speak at her graduation. He spoke of how much new equipment the white school was getting, and how the black community would not be forgotten. Here, her pride was injured because of the way the politicianspoke, like their school came second when in fact, in that time and place, they did come second, and the politician did not mean anything negative he was simply being honest. To have your pride assaulted day in and day out is a horrible way to live.Mayas brother did not return home once after attending the movies. When they found him, Bailey was talking so fast he forgot to stutter, he forgot to scratch his head and clean his fingernails with his teeth. He was away in a mystery, locked in the enigma that young Southern Black boys start to unravel, depict to unravel, from seven years old to death. The humorless puzzle of inequality and death. (198) All children learn ju st about death eventually. They have to. Death is a part of life. still imagine living where your death is regarded as a burden on society relieved, as opposed to the tragedy that it would be. It makes you wonder why you are viewed as so low, and it makes you wonder if those people who view you as such are correct.I was given blood tests, aptitude tests, physical coordination tests, and Rosarchs, then on a blissful day I was hired as the first Negro on the San Francisco streetcars. (270) Triumph Angelou somehow managed to overcome all of societys efforts to transport her back. Such an accomplishment, though little-remembered today, was a great thing back them. Many little wins like that contributed to winning the equality of today.What happened to the moonlight-on-the-prairie feeling? Was there something wrong with me that I couldnt share a sensation that made poets gush rhyme after rhyme, that made Richard Arlen brave the Arctic wastes and Veronica Lake betray the entire ease wo rld? . . . .Three weeks later, having thought very little about that strange and strangely empty night, I found myself pregnant. (283-284) Angelou did not completely understand the club between sex and love. This in itself is proof of the way she grew up almost like everyone held her at arms length. Her didnt (or I imagine she didnt) debate that she was old enough to know these things, and even if she was old enough, her grandmother was too old fashioned to adequately explain it. By the time she moved in withher mother, she was past the age that modern kids learn these things. Maybe her mother figured she already knew this stuff, or maybe she figured that anything her daughter needed to know, she would ask her. alone needless to say, one would be hesitant to ask their mother about such a touchy subject. Angelou did not even want to tell her mother that she was pregnant. This unfortunate situation is not exclusive to minorities, but was and still is very common. It occurs less fre quently now, that one makes a sexual mistake out of ignorance, callable to people being more open about such topics. The fact that the baby is delivered healthily, despite the fact that she was the only one in the area who knew about it for the first eight months of the pregnancy is amazing. It makes you think about how lucky she is. And she is very lucky.Maya Angelous accomplishments are pretty amazing. All of the things she had to overcome to become until she acheived the ultimate coating equality, and perhaps normalcy. When one is possessed of a childhood such as hers, normalcy may be a thing to strive for, and a thing to cherish once experienced. Indeed, she surpassed the point of normalcy to reach the opposite point from where she started. She went from being someone who was barely noticed, and when she was noticed, regarded with contempt, to one who is admired and revered for her work.

Developmental Defects of Teeth

suppurational defects of dentition with recent brokertic c erstpts INTRODUCTION Disorders of development of odontiasis may be prenatal or postnatal in origin and may be inherited or acquired. Their recognition and evaluation requires a natural knowledge and evaluation of the chemical formula chronology of the human dentition and of the normal development and social electronic organisation of the odontiasis.Disorders of development of odontiasising of teeth may be due to abnormalities in the differentiation of the dental lamina and the tooth germs, causing anomalies in the number, size and form of teeth (abnormalities of morphodifferentiation) or to abnormalities in the shaping of the dental hard tissues steming in hoo-hahs in tooth structure (abnormalities of histodifferentiation). Abnormalities of histodifferentiation occur at a later stage in development than abnormalities of morphodifferentiation in some disorders both stages be abnormal. Histophysiology of to oth developmentA number of physiological outgrowth processes participate in the progressive development of the teeth. These be 1. Initiation The dental lamina and associated tooth buds represent those parts of the oral epithelium that drive the potential for tooth development. different teeth ar initiated at different times. Initiation induction requires ectomesenchymal epithelial interaction. A lack of initiation results in the absence of either a star or ternary teeth or complete lack of teeth. Abnormal initiation may result in the development of hotshot or fivefold unnecessary teeth. 2. ProliferationEnhanced proliferative activity after initiation results successively in the bud, cap and bell stages of the odontogenic organ. Proliferative growth causes regular changes in the size and pro dole outs of the growing tooth germ. A disturbance has entirely different effects according to the time of occurrence and the stage of development that it affects. Tooth anomalies ma y include disturbances in the size, proportion or number of teeth 3. Histodifferentiation It succeeds the proliferative stage. The formative cells of the tooth germ developing during the proliferative stage undergo definite morphologic as well as functional assignment.Differentiation of odontoblasts and ameloblasts takes place resulting the formation and apposition of tooth adorn and dentine. Disturbance is the stage results in defects in the structure of tooth like amelogensis imperfecta attribute 1 and 4. 4. Morphodifferentiation The morphologic sample or basic form and relative size of the future tooth ar established by morphodifferentiation that is by differential growth. Dentino tooth enamel junction and dentinocemental junctions atomic number 18 established. Disturbances in morphodifferentiation may affect the form and size of the tooth without impairing the function of the ameloblasts or odontoblasts. 5. ApppositionIt is the deposition of the matrix of the hard dental structures. Defects in apposition results in anomalies like amelogenesis imperfecta subject 2, dentin dysplasia. 6. Mineralization and Maturation After matrix formation overflowing mineralization and dental hard tissue maturation. Anomalies like amelogensis imperfecta persona 3, fluorosis and interglobular dentin. CLASSIFICATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF TEETH 1. Anomalies of initiation and proliferation anomalies of number hypodontia and anodontia hyperdontia anomalies of size Microdontia Macrodontia anomalies of reach Germination Fusion Concrescence 2. Anomalies of morphodifferentiation anomalies of size and shape Dilacerations Dens invaginatus Dens evaginatus Taurodontism Talon cusp 3. Anomalies of histodifferentiation enamel defect Amelogensis imperfecta event I dentin defect Dentinogensis impefecta type I,II, trine 4. Anomalies of apposition enamel defects Amelogensis imperfecta type II, IV grace hypoplasia Enamel pearl dentin defects Dentin dysplasia Regional od ontodysplasia cementum defects Hypercementosis Hypophophatasia 5. Anomalies of mineralization enamel defects Amelogenesis imperfecta type III Enamel fluorosis Anomalies of initiation and proliferation Development disturbances in number a. ypodontia and anodontia True anodontia or congential absence of teeth may be of two types Total anodontia in which all teeth are missing. It may involve both deciduous and unchangeable teeth. It is a sublime condition when it occurs it is frequently associated with generalized disturbances, hereditary ectodermal dysplasia. Partial anodontia (hypodontia or oligodontia) Hypodontia when there is lack of development of one or much teeth Oligodontia is a subdivision of hypodontia indicating the lack of development of six or more(prenominal) teeth. An incidence of 1. 5 10% is seen excluding 3rd mills in constant dentition and . 09 . % for primary dentition. Most frequently affected teeth are 3rd molars, mandibular 2nd premolar, maxilla later al incisor and maxillary 2nd premolar. In fiber of deciduous dentition usually maxillary lateral incisor are missing. According to Grahen and Granath there is a close correlation between congenitally missing deciduous teeth and their permanent successors suggesting a genetic factor. A familial tendency for this defect is noted. Graber reported enough evidence that it is actually the result of one or more point mutations nearly often transmitted in an autosomal dominant pattern with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity.Some investigators implied that hypodontia is a normal variant suggesting that humans are in an intermediate stage of dentitional evolution. A proposed future dentition would include one incisor, one canine, one premolar and two molars per quadrant. Hypodontia correlates with the absence of appropriate dental lamina. Mostly this is due to genetic alteration. However, environmental factors like trauma, infection, radiation and endocrine disturbance may also result in loss of developing tooth bud. Hypodontia is associated positively with microdontia, reduced alveolar development, increase free way space and retained primary teeth.Pax 9 gene maps to chromosome 14, it encodes a transcription function that is important in the development of pharyngeal pouches. Its mutation may lead to congenitally missing teeth. Syndromes associated with hypodontia cleft lip/palate crouzon syndrome down syndrome hyphidrotic ectodermal dysplasia ellis van crevald syndrome oro facial digital syndrome b. hyperdontia it is the development of an increase number of teeth. Genetics of hyperdontia suggests an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with incomplete penetrance. The variable expression and penetrance of the gene may be affected by the environmental factors.The development of hyperdontia is development of excess dental lamina which leads to formation of additional teeth. An incidence of . 3-3% and a male to female ratio of 21 is noted. It occ urs some frequently in permanent dentition and approximately 90% of cases present in maxilla with a strong predilection for the former region. Terms utilise to describe supernumerary tooth depending on their location i. Mesiodens is find in the maxillary incisor resion. It is the close to familiar supernumerary. ii. Distodens/ distomloar is the accessory fourth molar iii.Paramolar is a posterior supernumerary tooth situated lingually or buccally to a molar tooth. Classification based on morphology In the primary dentition morphology is usually normal or conical. Greater variety is seen in case of permanent dentition Conical is a small peg shaped conical tooth and is the most commonality supernumerary. It develops with ascendant formation ahead or at an equivalent stage to that of permanent incisor. It can result in rotation or displacement of the permanent incisor but rarely delays step to the foreion. Tuberculate possess more than one cusp or tubercle and is barrel shaped. Root formation is delayed as compared to permanent incisors. They are often paired and are commonly located on the palatal aspect of the central incisors. It results in delayed eruption of the incisors. Supplemental refers to a duplicate of teeth on the normal series and is usually found at the end of the tooth series. Most commonly permanent maxillary lateral incisor is the supplemental supernumerary. majority of the deciduous supernumeraries are of this type. Odontome is listed as the fourth category by Howard. It is a hamartomoatous malformation nd is composed of more than one type of tissue called intricate odontoma. Mainly two types are there complex and compound. Syndromes associated with hyperdontia 1. cleft lip/palate 2. cleidocranial dysplasia 3. gardner syndrome 4. oro facial digital syndrome Developmental disturbances in size of tooth a. microdontia teeth which are smaller than normal. Females demonstrates a higher a frequency of microdontia and hypodontia. Three type s are True generalized microdontia in this all the teeth are smaller than normal. It is seen in cases of piutatry dwarfism, Down syndrome, congenital heart diseases. Relative generalized microdontia normal slightly smaller teeth present in the jaws larger than normal producing an illusion of microdontia. share of hereditary as jaws are inherited from one arent and tooth size from other parent. Microdontia involving single tooth is common condition affects maxillary lateral incisors and 3rd molar most commonly. b. macrodontia teeth that are larger than normal. Three types corrsecond sightonding to that microdontia True generalized macrodontia all teeth are large. Seen in cases of pituitary gigantism and pineal hyperplasia with hyperinulinism. Relative generalized macrodontia presence of normal teeth in similar jaw giving an illusion of macrodontia Macrodontia of single tooth relatively uncommon. Occasionally seen in cases of hemihypertrophy of the face. Should not be confused with partnership of teeth. Development disturbances of shape of teeth a. germination anomalies which arise from an attempt at division of single tooth germ by an intussusception with resultant incomplete or complete formation of teeth. Incidence of . 5% is seen and it more common in primary dentition. Higher frequency in maxillary anterior region.It may retard eruption of permanent successor. Usually fall out as one with two completely or incompletely separated crowns that have a single expel and root canals. Twining production of equivalent structure by divisions resulting in one normal and one supernumerary tooth. Etiology is transcendental although a genetic basis has been suggested. b. fusion union of two normally separated tooth germs. Depending upon the stage of development of the teeth at the time of the union. More common in the deciduous than in the permanent dentition. Union by dentin, separate pulp chambers/ canals. May retard eruption of permanent successor. . co ncrescence form of fusion which occurs after root formation. Teeth are united by cementum only. As a result of traumatic injury or crownding of teeth with reabsorption of the interdental bone. More frequently in the posterior and maxillary region. Anomalies of morphodiferentiation Anomalies of size and shape a. dilaceration An angulation or a sharp bend or curve in the root or crown of a formed tooth. Due to trauma during the period in which the tooth is forming, with the result that the position of the calcified portion of the tooth is changed and the remainder of the tooth is formed at an angle.Syndrome associated with dilaceration. Lamellar ichthyosis. pose difficulty at the time of extraction. b. dens invaginatus dens in dente It is a deep rally invagination of the crown or root that is lined enamel. Results due to invagination in the advance of tooth crown before calcification has occurred. This can be due to increased localized external pressure focal growth retardation a nd focal growth stimulation in certain areas of the tooth buds. The permanent maxillary lateral incisors are the teeth most frequently involved. Two forms are usually seen as coronal dens in dente more frequent prevalence varies from . 4% to 10%. Depth of iinvagination varies from a slight enlargement of the cingulum pit to deep infolding that extends to the apex. Radicular dens in dente rare and thought to arise secondary to proliferation of hertwigs root sheath with the formation of a strip of enamel that extends along the surface of the root. Radiographiclaly the affected tooth demonstrates an enlargement of the tooth. It chances of cavity and pulp infection. c. dens evaginatus Leongs premolar it is a developmental condition that appears clinically as an accessory cusp or a globule of enamel on the occlusal surface between the buccal and lingual cusps.Unilaterally or bilaterally with an increased mandibular predominance. Pathogenesis is the proliferation and evagination of a n area of the inner enamel epithelium and subjacent odontogenic mesenchyme in to the dental organ during early tooth development. If seen in association with another varaiton of coronal anatomy. Shovel shaped incisors affected incisors demonstrate prominent lateral margins, creating a hollowed lingual surface. Maxillary incisor is the most commonly affected. This extra cusp may contribute to incomplete eruption, displacement of teeth and/or pulp exposure with subsequent infection following occlusal persist or fracture. . taurodontism it is an enlargement of the body and pulp chamber of multirooted tooth with apical displacement of the pulpal floor and bifurcation of the roots. Overall shape of the taurodont resembles that of the molar teeth of cud chewing animals pig bed like Shaw classified taurodont teeth into 3 division according to the degree of apical displacement of pulpal floor hypotaurodont (mild) mesotaurodont (moderate) hypertaurodont (severe) may occur as an isolate d attribute or as a component of specific conditions like 1. klinfilters syndrome . amelogenesis imperfecta 3. orofacial digital syndrome 4. hypohydrotic ectodermal dysplasia 5. tricho dento osseous syndrome 6. down syndrome It is seen that taurodontism may develop in presence of each one of a large number of different genetic alterations. These findings suggest that chromosomal abnormalities may disrupt the development of the tooth form and that taurodontism is not the result of any specific genetic abnormality e. talons cusp Is also known as dens evginatus of the anterior teeth. It is a well delineated cusp that is located on the surface of an anterior tooth.Predominantly affects permanent dentition esp maxillary lateral incisors. It projects from the lingual surface of the affected tooth and forms a three pronged pattern that resembles an eagles talon. The cusp blends smoothly with the tooth except that there is a deep development groove where the cusp blends with the sloping lingual tooth surface. It is associated with other dental abnormalities like supernumearary teeth, odontomas, impacted teeth peg shaped lateral incisors and dens invaginatus. It is also associated with other syndromes like Rubinstein Tyabi syndrome & Sturge Weber syndrome.Complications like interference with occlusion, comprised esthetics, displacement of teeth, caries, periodontal problems and pain in the ass of the adjacent soft tissue may occur. ANOMALIES OF HISTODIFFERENTIATION Enamel defects a. Amelogenesis imperfecta type I AI is a heritable enamel defect in the absence of any systemic disease. Reported incidence varies from 114000 to 14000. Multiple inheritance patterns are noted. It may differentiated into 4 main groups depending on the clinical show and the likely stage of enamel formation that is primarily affectes. hypoplatic hypocalcified hypomature hypomature hypoplastic with taurodontism Each group is further subdivided into several subgroups depending on the mode of inheritance as well as the clinical appearance of the defective enamel. Genetic studies have shown that etiology of AI is related to the alteration of genes involved in the process of formation and maturation of the enamel. X linked AI has shown the defective gene is closely linked to the locus DXS85 at Xp22. this site has been identified as the general location of the human gene amelogenin the principal protein in the developing enamel.In the case of autosomal dominant type of AI the locus of the defective gene is on the ch 4q21 to which enamel protein enamelin maps. AI type I Hypoplatic The basic alteration centers an inadequate deposition of enamel matrix. Any matrix present is mineralized appropriately. Subgroups (Witkop 1989) I A hypoplastic, pitted AD I B hypoplastic, local AD I C hypoplastic, local AR I D hypoplastic, smooth AD I E hypoplastic, smooth XR I F hypoplastic, rough Ad I G enamel agenesis, AR Clinical feature In the generalized pattern pinpoint to pinh ead sized pits are scattered across the surface of the teeth. Buccal surfaces of the teeth are affected and staining of these pits may occur In the localized pattern, the affected demonstrate level rows of pits a linear depression. The altered area is located in the middle third of the buccal surface of teeth. The type IC is more severe and typically demonstrate involvement of all teeth in both dentitions In type ID the enamel of all teeth exhibits a smooth surface and is debase hard and glossy Anterior open bite is seen and teeth exhibit a thin peripheral outline of radiopaque enamel on skiagram In type IE this is a lesion showing lionization effect. In females the teeth would exhibit alternating zones of normal and abnormal enamel. Males exhibit diffuse thin, smooth and calendered enamel in both dentitions. The teeth have the shape of crown formation with open contacts. In the rough pattern, the enamel is thin, hard and rough surfaces. An anterior open bite is common. I n enamel agenesis demonstrate total lack of enamel. The teeth are the shape and color of the dentin. The surface is rough. Dentin defects b. Dentinogenesis imprfecta A hereditary developmental disturbance of the denitn in the absence of any systemic disorder.This is an autosomal dominant condition affecting both deciduous and permanent teeth. modify teeth are g radiate to yellowish brownness and are tulip shaped. Genetic studies show that the gene defective maps to chromosome 4 in case of type II. It encodes a protein called dentin sialophosphoprotein and constitutes about 50% of the noncolllagenous component of dentin matrix. DI type I is due to mutational changes in gene coding pro alpha 1, pro alpha 2 chains of type I collagen, major protein of organic matrix in bone and dentin.Recent studies report that type II and type III arise from a single mutation of DSPP gene and that these are not separate disease but rather phenotypic variation of a single disease. Acc. to Sheilds clas sification DI type I osteogenesis imperfecta with iridescent teeth DI type II isolated opalescent teeth DI type III isolated opalescent teeth Brandywine Extensive studies have proven that DI is a disorder distinct from Osteogenesis imperfects so a revised classification is proposed DI type I corresponds to type II of Sheilds casing II corresponds to type III of SheildsThere is no substitute for type I of Sheilds classification Clinical and radiographic features deciduous teeth are affected most severely followed by the permanent incisors and first molars enamel is normal but separates easily from dentin because of defective dentinoenamel junction once exposed the dentin often demonstrates significantly accelerated attrition radiographically, the teeth have bulbous crowns cervical constriction thin roots and early eradication of the root canals and pulp chambers. Type III has shell teeth demonstrating normal thickness enamel in association with extremely thin dentin and dra matically enlarged pulps Histologic features The dentin adjacent to the enamel junction appears similar to normal dentin but the remainder is distinctly abnormal Short tubules year through an atypical granular dentin matrix which often demonstrates interglobular calcificaiton. Cells can be seen entrapped within the defective dentin Anomalies of apposition Enamel defects a. amelogenesis imperfecta type II & IVAI type II hypomaturation the enamel matrix is laid down appropriately and begins to mineralize however there is a defect in the maturation of the enamel crystallization structure Classified into Type IIA hypomaturation, pigmented AR Type IIB hypomaturation, X linked recessive Type IIC snow capped teeth, AD Genetic studies show that multiple mutations in the AMELX gene in the type IIA AI whereas IIA & C the gene defect is unknown. Clinical features Affected teeth are normal in shape but exhibit a mottled, opaque white brown yellow discoloration.The enamel is softer tha n normal and tends to chip from the underlying dentin. Radiographically the affected enamel exhibits a radiodensity that is similar to that of dentin. Type IIA the surface enamel is mottles and agar brown. Enamel is soft enough to be punctures by an explorer Type IIB shows lionization that is male exhibit differebti pattern in deciduous and permanent teeth. The deciduous teeth are opaque white with a transparent mottling the permanent teeth are opaque and may darken with age.Female patients exhibit a similar pattern in both dentitions. The teeth demonstrate vertical bands of white opaque enamel and normal translucent enamel. Radiographically the bands are not perceptible. Type IIC exhibits a zone of white opaque enamel on the incisal or occlusal third of the crown. AI type IV hypomaturation hypoplastic with taurodontism This type of Ai exhibit enamel hypoplasia in combination with hypomaturation. Classified into Type IV A hypomaturation hypoplastic Type IVB hypoplastic hypomatu ration Genetic defects in both groups is unknownType IV A the predominant defect is one of enamel hypomaturation in ehich the enamel appears mottled yellowish white to yellow brown. Pits are seen frequently on the buccal surface of the teeth. Radiographically the enamel is similar to dentin in density and large pulp chambers may be seen in addition to varying degree of taurodontism Type IVB the predominant defect is one of enamel hypoplasia in which the enamel is thin the enamel that is present demonstrates hypomaturation. Radiographically there is decrease in the thickness of the enamel.Both these types are seen in the systemic disorders, trich dento osseous syndrome. Other features seen are kinky hair, osteosclerosis and brittle nails. b. enamel pearl Refers to the presence of enamel in unusual locations mainly the tooth root. These are hemispheric structures that may consist entirely of enamel or contain underlying dentin and pulp tissue. These are thought to arise from a localiz ed deform of the odontoblastic layer. This bulge may provide prolonged contact between Hertwigs root sheath and the developing dentin, triggering induction of enamel formation. t is found most frequently on the roots of maxillary molars. The enamel pearls precludes normal PDL attachment with CT. Dentin defects c. dentin dysplasia It is a rare disturbance of dentin formation characterized by normal enamel but atypical dentin formation with abnormal pulpal pathology. It is an abnormality that maps to the same site on ch 4 as does DI type II & III. It too may be an allelic variant. Classified into Type I radicular dentin dysplasia Type II coronal dentin dysplasia Both these patterns appear to be hereditary diseases, transmitted as an autosomal dominant characteristic.Clinical features Type I both dentitions are affected although the teeth are clinically normal. The teeth are extremely mobile and exfoliated prematurely Type II both dentitions are affected. Deciduous teeth have the sa me color as that in DI but the permanent dentition is normal. Type I both dentitions roots are short blunt and conical. In deciduous pulp chambers and root canals are completely blotted out. Permanent teeth crescent shaped pulpal remanant remains. Periapical radiolucencies involving intact teeth are present. Type II deciduous dentition presents with completely obliterated pulp chambers. Permanent teeth exhibit an abnormal large pulp chamber in the coronal portion. Histologic features Type I a portion of coronal dentin is normal. Most of the pulp is obliterated by calcified tubular dentin, osteodentin and fused denticles. New dentin forms around these obstacles giving the characteristic appearance draw as Lava flowing around the boulders. Type II deciduous teeth exhibit amorphous and atubular dentin in the radicular portion while coronal dentin is normal.Permanent teeth same but the pulp has multiple pulp stones. d. regional odontodysplasia It is a localized non hereditary devel opment abnormality of teeth with extensive indecent effects on the formation of enamel, dentin and pulp. Proposed causes abnormal migration of neural crest cells latent virus local circulatory deficiency local trauma or infection hyperpyrexia malnutrition radiation therapy somatic mutation pathosis associated with RO ectodermal dysplasia epidermal nevi hypophosphatasia hydrocephalus neurofibromatosis Rh incompatibility Vascular nevi Clinical features maxillary teeth esp anterior are most commonly affected female predilection with a ratio of 1. 41 the affected teeth fail to erupt and their shape is markedly altered the erupted teeth show small irregular crown that is yellow to brown with rough surface on x ray they have a very thin enamel and dentin surrounding an enlarged radiolucent pulp There is lack of contrast between enamel and dentin.Histologic features marked reduction in the amount of dentin and widening of predentin layer presence of large areas of in terglobular dentin and an irregular pattern if dentin the reduced enamel epithelium around nonerupted teeth show some irregular calcified bodies known as enameloid conglomerates (also seen in AI) e. hypercementosis It is a nonneoplastic deposition of excessive cementum that is continous with normal radicular cementum Clinical and radiographic features in x ray affected teeth demonstrate a thickening or blunting od the root the enlarged root is surrounded by the radiolucent PDL space and intact dental lamina may be isolated or involve many teeth premolars are involved more frequently predominantly in adults and the frequency increases with age factors associated with hypercemntosis i. local 1. abnormal occlusal trauma 2. adjacent inflammation 3. unopposed teeth ii. systemic 1. acromegaly 2. arthritis 3. alcinosis 4. pagets disease 5. rheumatic fever Histologic features periphery of root exhibits deposition of an excessive amount of cementum this may be hypocellular or ostece mentum the material is arranged in concentric layers Anomalies of mineralization a. amelogenesis imperfecta type III hypocalcifeid in this type the enamel matrix is laid down appropriately but no significant mineralization occurs. Classified into Type III A autosomal dominant Type IIIB autosomal recessiveIn both gene defect is unknown. Most common type of AI. Teeth are norma on eruption but the enamel is very soft and easily lost. Enamel is yellow brown on eruption and turns to brown black due to staining. Autosomal recessive are more severe than the dominant type. Radiographically the density is similar for both enamel and dentin. CONCLUSION An understanding of the many disturbances of development of teeth is predicated upon s thorough understanding of the embryology of these structures.Genetic factors are undoubtedly of importance in the development of these defects. REFERENCE ? Oral pathology by Shafer ? Oral pathology by Somes and Southam ? Oral & maxillofacial pathology by N aville ? Developmental defects of teeth by www. UNC DENTISTRY. com ? Oral histology by Orbans ? Oral histology by Tencates ? Normal and abnormal dental development- by Isabelle Miletich & Paul T. Sharpe Human Molecular Genetics, 2003. ? Mouse models of tooth abnormalities Eur J Oral Sci 2008 116 110

Conflict Analysis Essay

Conflict is a difference, a variation or clash between ideas, principles or people. In conflict precaution there are issues that center on interpersonal conflict. This type of conflict is a disagreement between individuals that are connected and explains how what one person does has an concussion or effect of the former(a).1A PERSONS INVOLVEDSheila (my assistant for 14 eld)Valerie (hired as Customer Community Relations Representative)The relationship between these two individuals was great for 2 years they commonly worked on events together and wouldnt perceive them as interfering on each others turf. Some eras their workloads would overlap but they were suitable to work together and get them completed. These two individuals would both work in the same space while engaging in small talk. They often wheel spoke intimately things each had in common with the other such as their faith, volunteer work, school functions and goals. They acted as though they had never worked together. B CONFLICT pictureOn Feb. 10th I had the opportunity to facilitate a group session of 11 managers at our main constituent from 3-5pm to discuss people issues. Sheila tended to(p) as usually to work the proponent Point. At the end of the session most of the people who attended cherished copies of the power Point, however if we on the nose printed the power point it would be in black and white. Therefore, Sheila said quote Simone I need to use the front desk computer to print in color is that O.K.? I responded Yes. During the time Sheila used the computer the people that attended the centralized people meetingwas sitting down waiting for their rides. Im in the group discussion room packing up while Sheila is getting color printed copies for everyone. This wasnt something that was planned because it was a holiday.Sheila and I were supposed to be the only two stave in the office at that time. Ms. Valerie dropped by to pick up some papers from the conference room and says to me Quo te I could have done that launching for you. I responded Really, I didnt think of that because Ive always used Sheila assist me. Ms. Valerie then go forth the room. In my opinion this was an informal act and Ms. Valeries interaction with Sheila stem from more personal than official relationship. She was focused on Sheila not on how they work together to get things done. Although most of the people had left there were still a few around and it didnt look good to observe two leaders of our company having a misunderstanding.1CWHAT TRANSPIRED?Through the drinking glass doors of the conference room I could see something wasnt right near the front door. I noticed that all the others were gone except Sheila and Ms. Valerie. I could precisely hear but, I could see negative gestures coming from Ms. Valerie. Her body language told me she was angry because she was leaning forward with her hand on her hip. Sheila on the other hand, seventh cranial nerve expression was of, oh my god what di d I do. She looked uncertain and I could tell didnt insufficiency to argue, she looked as though she wanted to avoid the conflict. I saw her bend around and walk away. Soon after we left the office but I didnt speak about.Until the next day, I received an email from the office manager about the usage of the computers. The words used in the email had a huge impact on the message that I received, I wanted to just bring my keys to the office and never be there alone again. The choice of words was powerful enough to provoke my trust. So powerful I didnt even respond to the email. I was totally surprised, this has never happened before. I called Sheila and later that day she explained to me the issue between her and Ms. Valerie, that as Ms. Valerie was leaving she made a statement You know you shouldnt be on that computer, there could be legal things you shouldnt be looking at.1D SURFACE PROBLEMIn my opinion the surface problem was my choice of words I always use Sheila to assist me. T he words I used probably made her look worthless, like she wasnt good enough. I could have said Thanks for letting me know I will let you know next time I facilitate a session. I would also say the problem could stem from Ms. Valerie needing fulfillment, being part of the sessions would give her recognition because she is passionate about her role.1EUNDERLYING PROBEMThe real problem is that Ms. Valerie is new she is also the Owners sister and her roles and responsibilities are still unclear and when a person doesnt have defined responsibilities they tend to want to get into anything to keep busy. Therefore, the Owner needs to make sure that she has a clear cut defined tasks and authority boundaries . In my opinion it wasnt her billet to tell the office manager(Owners Wife) before she in reality spoke to myself if she felt that there was some kind of ethic violation.1F WHICH CONFLICT STRATEGIES WERE EMPLOYED BY EACH thespian?a. Cognitive assessment of the situationb. Personality and communication competenceNo, the next day we both received a text from Ms. Valerie that stated I TOLD SO WHAT OF IT. That statement alone confirmed she thought about her own needs and she had dealt with the situation because of who she was related to not her title.1GOUTCOMEThe outcome was negative. The next day there was tittle-tattle within the organization and the spread of misinformation. This caused Sheila to call the office and ask who said things about her. Then Ms. Valerie contacted her again and told her she did. There was no winner or also-ran because the situation tainted both relationships and when they finally appeared in the same room it caused an uncomfortable atmosphere.1H VARIABLESIn my opinion arguing is normal, but we have to be attentive when arguing because sometimes an argument can hide a much bigger problem. The style and the way we argue can speak volumes towards the way we actually feel. The most important aspect of WIN/WIN is how we handle the argument . Therefore, I think that LISTENING, FACE ENHANCING rather than face attacking and UNDERSTANDING the what/why the other person is saying is a major issue.2A-2B LEARNINGS of CONFLICTFor everything that is still going on wrong with relationships, how we act and think, I am still learning tardily about how to do things better. I am more aware there is some level of differences when the conflict involves two or more people. However, the true disagreement versus what is perceived maybe different from the other person because of our senses. As a matter of fact, this class has taught me that conflict is mostly accompanied by misunderstandings and if we can just understand the truth of the disagreement it will help us solve the right problem and manage the needs of both individuals. This course objectives, lectures and textbook The essentials of gentlemans gentleman Communication by Joseph DeVito has taught me that perception doesnt act alone.It is peoples behaviors, feelings and body lan guage that enhances the threats when there is an disagreement. We must continue to learn how to work on the issues and develop strategies or solutions to manage the disagreement and at the same time manage the conflict. I learned that although this conflict was between two people I was surprisingly a party to it. I just wasnt included in the disagreement. This conflict was interpersonal. Interpersonal conflict will occasionally happen in the workplace referable to natural differences in personalities, beliefs and work ethics. It mostly happens in the workplace and is sometimes more complex because it involves needs, interests, threats and concerns. They also involve ongoing relationships and emotions. This analysis is about an ethical situation that caused an interpersonal conflict which in my opinion was due to jealousy, competition and vicious gossip.REFERENCESDeVito, J.(2014). Essentials Of Human CommunicationWorkplace resolution Conflict StrategiesRetreived byhttp//www.livestr ong.com

Discuss the importance of Venice and its effects on the characters in “Othello” Essay

One can see that Venice is instrumental in insinuating the characteristics of its pack. The sheer importance of the land becomes the pinnacle of pride in solely Venetians. Knowing that This is Venice, augments imbedded ideology that accumulated the peoples stereotypical values and status. This produced a state where expectations proverbially buildd a discriminating separation between Venetians and outsiders. Those who were admit from the proximity of the city were superior insiders and those who did not annunciate from Venice, were outsiders.This seemingly made it desirable for those classed as outsiders to want to become a classed and accepted citizen of Venice. However, it seems that the outsiders struggle to create a false sense of security when trying to become accepted, which inevitably leads to their demise. Naturally, where-ever one lives, one takes on the ideals of that particular community. Venetian etiquette was too far founded to be able to be mastered by some of the c haracters. On examining speech and mannerisms of different people, it becomes easy to determine those who belong and those who do not.Venice at that time was regarded as a city admired for its wealth, prosperity and providence. Venice was also filled with exoticism, prosperity, desire and acclaimed military. The military aspect helps to explain why characters such as Othello and Iago be fall in here. However, the city not only flurried with a military air and Venetian aristocracy, but ascribable to Venice at that time being the foundation of Europes commercial venture, its cosmopolitan prospect attracted many people from different countries and races. Because of this, it seems that Venice was willing to accept people of different cultures, but the aristocracy would not admit those people to their in or so society. It is obvious that Othello is a social inferior, the Venetians only regarding him as a fighter that use to their advantage by leading their army.Othello was written at a time of obvious racism, which would have been passable in a refined city such as Venice. What accentuates Othellos racial difference is the fact that his external isolation is so blatantly obvious. He is fateful, whilst others are white. Throughout the play, characters use this as a simple, yet effective device to harass Othello, making him witness vulnerable, knowing that he is unable to change his appearance. This is also the ridiculous notion Venetians have for ignoring Othello and it is impractical for him because being a general in the army, he is forever and a day surrounded by Venetian aristocracy and say-so, who ridicule him because of his skin colour. However, Othellos demise is particularly his fault, he willed himself into a relationship with Venice, and the will he apply was terribly limited in what he could achieve and still does not achieve his goal of fit a demure Venetian.Through-out the play, it is seen that the people of Venice are timid towards Othello. Whilst his go to their army is their main intent for keeping him bound to their society, it is a reflection of an outsider being bound to some-one purposely being used to nullify other outsiders. Whilst he is used by the society for their means, they still discriminate him. Whilst at a point Brabantio is content in accepting Othello into his household, inconsiderately he allows Othello to conceptualise that because of this humble acceptance that his stories of bravery allowed him to get to, it did not allow him to be accepted in the city outside Brabantios house.As Louis Auchincloss suggested Othello is not regarded by Brabantio and others, but as a Victorian Englishman might have regarded some splendid Maharajah. Othellos stories, like his seditious self, entertained the people, as if his services to them were limited to fighting and amusement, ultimately labelling him as a lower class social inferior that was only accepted to be used how and whenever the higher classes wanted. However, those stories captured the cheat of Desdemona, leaving Brabantio feeling betrayed when she elopes with the moor. He classed their relationship solely on Othellos exoticism and racial differences, believing that their cognise was unnatural as a black man.However, Othellos marriage to Desdemona provides him with a link with Venice and provides a means to abolish some of the perceptions others have of him. However, this link can only last if Desdemona remains alive, differently the link will be broken. Whilst their marriage exists and assumes that Othello can be classed as an insider, it evolves into Desdemona moving further away from her roots as an insider, getting pushed away to becoming an outsider.When Brabantio accused Othello of witchcraft and enchanting his daughter, the seemingly biased trial saves Desdemona from being emitted from society, as if her marriage to Othello destroyed Venices image and betrayed their importance. This scene, held in Venice declares the t rials importance and authority and foretells of future demise. When Brabantio declares that She has deceived her father, and may thee Othellos services are urgently required for war in Cyprus, the land of Venus. However the love of Venus is not a love of chastity or faithfulness, and so foreshadows that the living link that allows Othello to be partially accepted will be broken.When travelling to Cyprus, it is obvious by Shakespeares use of live conditions that the boat trip unlocks the safeness and innate standards of the Venetians. The dangerous and violent natural boundaries that are the seas prove that nowhere other than where people originate from is a safe haven, which deviously proves that everyone will become an outsider at some point. It also foreshadows ultimate racial differences and problems that Othello will have to face.The weather and island also reflects Iago, and offers the undefiled time for Iagos plan to bear effectiveness. The island, where violence and war are bordered, shows that Iagos character is malevolent and scheming and that he himself is also an outsider. It is as if the weather and island are his motivation and inner self, some-one who does not fit within the Venetian society because of his mystery.His character is one of paradox, befriending Othello, whilst plotting his downfall. He clearly fools the Venetian society that he is an insider and because of this portrayal shows that he himself was once desperate to conform. He also fools Othello and indeed himself, ultimately demonstrating that he is truly an outsider, when he lowers himself to deceive another outsider. The name Iago, is itself Spanish, and was believably a tool to imply great irony, as it makes the audience think of the shrine St Iago di Compostella, and it is hard to believe how a person of particular menace could hail from such a civil and religious place and not be fully accepted by the Venetian society, because we know that he is only deceiving them.At that t ime, Venice was famous for its pleasures and deceitful seductions of its courtesans, who can be classed as outsiders, as they have no status in the high class city and its low versed tolerance. Iago, only too aware of this, acts upon the indistinguishable prostitutes who were able to dress like high class women and states that Othello is trusting and full of faithfulness. Iago tells Othello how Venetian men play love with different rules and that In Venice the do let God see the pranks they dare not show their husbands.This cunning statement raises Othellos suspicions as he begins to believe that Desdemona who is a Venetian could be any different from the women on the street and the cities sexual licence adding to his doubts. Othellos doubts only leave him to look down upon Desdemona with a discriminating air and hatred, as if she really were a prostitute. Because of the way Othello depicts Desdemona after Iagos meddling, he ultimately sees Desdemona as an outsider, her reputation tainted by Venices sexual tolerance and the idea that prostitutes are of lower class. Also, whilst in Cyprus, the island itself taints Othellos perception he believes that her love begins to become impure.Iago and Brabantio are able to alienate some(prenominal) Desdemona and Othello, turning his exoticism into alien like qualities, but there is also another outsider Cassio. Cassio being a Florentine ultimately proves that he is an outsider, and due to harassment from Iago and the nature of Cyprus takes over the refuge of gracious Venice and in his drunken state makes him out to be an abrasive, angry and violent man, some-one whose characteristics were completely different to the acts of school and proud Venetians.It is very apparent that geography and indeed Venice solely plays an important part in the tragic play. The two different settings, having been deliberately chosen by Shakespeare convey failings in both characters and society. Cyprus is not only used as a juxtaposition of love, but it is also used by Iago for his deviances and the demise of most people as they all become outsiders when the haven of their city and aspects of everything Venetian men stand for is taken away from them. Venice encompasses varied ideals and is used solely as a mirror to differentiate those who were considered to be insiders and those who were not. Venices strong and promiscuousness is reflected in all events through out the play in different ways. The insiders are bound by its synonymous etiquette and this can not be acquired by characters such as Othello, but can be manipulated by Iago.In conclusion, I believe that geography plays an important role in the play, the settings capable of emitting emotions and intimidating the consequences of being classed as outsiders and the trials and tribulations caused by being a nonconformist.

The Oort Cloud

The Oort Cloud The Oort be haze over is a vast swarm of several(prenominal)(prenominal) 2 trillion comets orbiting our star in the intimately contradictory reaches of our solar system, extending from beyond the orbits of Neptune and Pluto out to 100,000 times the Earth-Sun distance. Almost one-third the distance to the nearest star. While the planets are confined to a flattened disk in the solar system, the Oort cloud forms a spherical shell centered on the Sun, which gradually flattens down to an extended disk in the sexual region, called the Kuiper belt.Bright comets observed through telescopes or with the naked eye get thrown out of the Oort cloud or Kuiper belt, and become visible when they get close to tolerable so that the Suns energy can transform the surface ices into gases. These gases drag off the embedded dust, and we see the light reflected from the dust as a tail. Comets are the end icy building blocks from the time of planet formation, which formed in the region of the outer(prenominal) planets. Essentially thesecomets are dirty snowballs, composed primarily of water ice, with some carbon monoxide and other ices, in addition to interstellar dust.When their orbits passed close enough to the giant planets to be affected, some were thrown toward the Sun and some were tossed outward toward the distant reaches of the solar system, the spherical swarm we now call the Oort cloud. Some of the comets sent inward hit the inner rocky planets, and probably contributed a significant list of ocean water and organic material, the building blocks of life, to Earth. Comets that live in the Oort cloud are especially important scientifically because they have been kept in a perpetual deep freeze since the formation of our solar system 4. 6 billion years ago.This means that they preserve, nearly intact, a record of the chemical conditions during the world-class few million years of the solar systems history, and can be used to unravel our solar systems ori gins much like an archaeologist uses artifacts to decipher an ancient civilization. The Oort cloud is thought to occupy a vast space from somewhere between 2,000 and 5,000 AU (0. 03 and 0. 08 ly)12 to as far as 50,000AU (0. 79ly)3 from the Sun. Some estimates indicate the outer edge at between 100,000 and 200,000 AU (1. 58 and 3. 16 ly). 12 The region can be subdivided into a spherical outer Oort cloud of 20,00050,000 AU (0. 20. 79 ly), and a doughnut-shaped inner Oort cloud of 2,00020,000 AU (0. 030. 32 ly). The outer cloud is only weakly bound to the Sun and supplies the long-period (and maybe Halley-type) comets to inside the orbit of Neptune. 3 The inner Oort cloud is also known as the Hills cloud, named after J. G. Hills, who proposed its existence in 1981. 13 Models predict that the inner cloud should have tens or hundreds of times as many cometary nuclei as the outer halo131415 it is seen as a possible source of new comets to resupply the relatively tenuous outer cloud as t he latters numbers are gradually depleted.The Hills cloud explains the continued existence of the Oort cloud after billions of year The outer Oort cloud is believed to contain several trillion individual objects larger than approximately 1km (0. 62mi)3 (with many billions with absolute magnitudes brighter than 11corresponding to approximately 20km (12mi) diameter), with bordering objects typically tens of millions of kilometres apart. Its total mass is not known with certainty, but, assuming that Halleys comet is a suitable prototype for all comets within the outer Oort cloud, the estimated combined mass is 3? 025kg (7? 1025lb or roughly five times the mass of the Earth). Earlier it was thought to be more massive (up to 380 Earth masses), but alter knowledge of the size distribution of long-period comets has led to much lower estimates. The mass of the inner Oort Cloud is not currently known. If analyses of comets are representative of the whole, the vast volume of Oort-cloud obj ects consist of various ices such as water, methane, ethane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide.However, the discovery of the object 1996PW, an asteroid in an orbit more typical of a long-period comet, suggests that the cloud may also contain rocky objects. Analysis of the carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in both the Oort cloud and Jupiter-family comets shows little difference between the two, despite their immensely separate regions of origin. This suggests that both originated from the original protosolar cloud,a conclusion also supported by studies of granular size in Oort-cloud comets by the recent impact study of Jupiter-family comet.

Martha E Rogers

A casual occurrence, she sh argond her birthday with Florence nightingale born(p) 94 years forward and had passed away four years before. They will share more than than a birthrate as we will see later namely the mapping of the care for as distinct from medicine. One is helping nature while treat puts the patient in the best environment for nature to act 3 Martha was born in a family which valued training and from an early age she was an avid reader challenging herself to read up to five books a week.She was an avid assimilator as well with no hesitation for the harder classes such as math and algebra. She ran in the first gender issue then as she was the only cleaning lady in that class. She wanted to put her learning skills and experience towards contribution to social welfare hesitating between law and medicine and eventually opting for the later. She started in pre- med at the University of Tennessee (1931) but withdrew in 1933 under the pressure this was not a career de emed suit satisfactory for a woman. This was even told her by her parents.She eventually received a sheepskin from the Knoxville General Hospital School of maintain in 1936. Despite her being valedictorian of her class, her parents were not happy she did not have a degree and enrolled the George Peabody College in Nashville where she earned a Bachelor of Science in Public Health Nursing in 1937. After graduation, she worked for the Childrens Fund of Michigan as earth health nurse. Her work involved home visits, case finding giving vaccinations, planning and giving health teaching programs.She then decided to further her education by entering into a Master program at Columbians Teachers College in revolutionary York in 1939. She would graduate in 1945 having worked at the visit Nurse companionship in Hartford CT culminating her involvement there as acting Director of Education. Upon graduation in 1945, she took the position of executive director of the Phoenix Visiting Nurse As sociation in Arizona. An intellectual she called for an educational revolution in nursing6 that differentiated university education from vocational training grounded in theoretical knowledge.This intellectual admiration led her to another Master in Public Health in 1952 from the John Hopkins University, the premier health program in the US. She went on to earn a Doctor of Science degree (Sad) in 1954, with a circus similar to a PhD, thus becoming one of the very few nurses holding a doctoral program. Her view on what the requirements for nurses should be which had led her to her pursuit of academic achievements was rewarded with the position of professor of Nursing and head of the Division of Nursing a New York University in 1954.In her mind, nursing was not a vocational school but required the expansion of curriculum with theory based leaning and a unwedded man of science program. It is during this period that she developed a new theory the science of unitary human beings, writ ing three books Educational Revolution in Nursing (1961), Reveille in Nursing (1964) and An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing (1970). This last book marked the beginning of a new era in nursing.She identified the central focus of nursing concerns by appreciation the importance of studying human beings and their environments as an irreducible unitary whole and that human beings are more than and different from the sum of their parts. I do not claim to understand everything it substance and I have followed the presentation by a am of students from Northern Arizona University in nursing who presented this as a final project to their class. She proposed an abstract system which is comprised of four key concepts Energy empyreans the primaeval unit of life.Openness there are no boundaries to prevent the flow of energy between human and environmental energy fields providing for the continuous movement of consider and energy. Pattern distinguishing characteristics of the field that reflects the dynamic change of nature and mans innovative wholeness. Pan-dimensionality non linear domain without spatial or time-based characteristics, the coming together of n infinite summate of dimensions. These four concepts are the building blocks that construct the three scientific principles of homeostasis which proposes a way to view the unitary human being.Integrally The human energy fields that are mutually and continuously changing we affect our environment and it affects us meditation or music can promote a positive human environment. sonority from the field of physics. The constant change of the way patterns from higher to lower frequency the flow of energy between people and everything in the world around them. ignore be done through human touch, talking, drawing, storytelling or any active usage of imagination.Helical any small change in any environmental field causes ripple effect which creates larger changes in other fields the continuous evolution of change that results from the interaction of human environment fields. It is two constant and unorthodox and explains the fact that there are many forces that are interacting. This extremely intellectual approach to nursing which was alike the result of her education and her thriving for knowledge derives also from a philosophy with a positive attitude to the human being.It seeks for the patient to reach self- actualization as described by Abraham Moscow. I would argue that beyond the theoretical construct she wrote and which can be difficult for the layman to understand, Martha Rogers gave a fundamental belief that nurses are more than simple caregivers and though their communication and understanding of the patient, the nurse can provide a fundamental boost and daily encouragement to the patient to reach well-being. This psychological drive is combined with the scientific elements of knowledge of what is a proper environment for the patient to move forward.This last point is very much in line with the theories put forward by Florence Nightingale in creating a nurturing environment for patients. It is may be a coincidence that both were born on the same day but also remained unmarried dedicated to the cause of nursing at promoting a healthy filed and environment for patients to recover. In your opinion, how did the theory of Martha Rogers enhance and improve the nursing care given to the patients? Martha Rogers believed that nursing was both a science and an art.Her thriving for more scientific knowledge for nurses means that attentions were taken care of by better educated nurses who were more able to understand the medical underpinning of the treatment administered to the patient. At the same time the holistic approach derived from her theoretical research means that patients can expect nurses who are more in tune with the forces which affect their lives and how the environment in which they are recovering can be affected by the attention and care giv en to them.The general affect they receive is enhanced through the concept of helical the gentle push given to support the patients morale by the nurse has a big(a) effect on the patients recovery. This is enhanced as the psychological makeup of the patient is affected by the care attention and devotion given by the nurse who has been trained to understand both the technical remedies offered by medicine but also tries to communicate and fosters the energy fields of the patient his or her resilience in the face of illness and all of the motivation which will help the patient fight for full recovery.Behind the complex words in Martha Rorers theories, I view the role of the nurse as both understanding the regimen of medical treatment which has been proposed by the doctors but also a close legislation with the patient which means that the patient is not alone in fighting for recovery. It reminds me of the final plea of Patch Adams when he tells his fellow students to listen to the n urses.They have a finger on the psychological pulse of the patient and can relate to the will for recovery and offer actual support to the patient. By articulating that trained nurses can understand both the technical issues of a treatment as well as the human issues of a patient, Martha Rogers elevates the role of the nurse from a simple caregiver to an individual in full involved in the recovery and well-being of patients.

End of Slavery in the United States in 1870 Essay

The article explained how slavery, which has been one of the most sensitive issues in America, came to an end in the United States after more than 250 years of human exploitation. Basically, slavery in the land began after colonists from England settled in America in 1607. Back then, the bulk of the slaves were of African-American descent or blacks but some were also Native Americans as this racial basis was upheld by the courts during the 18th century (Wikipedia. org).From the 16th to the nineteenth century, an estimated 12 million black Africans were transferred to both North and South America and 645,000 were shipped to the United States. Although slavery is viewed as an inhuman and immoral act today, it greatly compound the productivity of the United States in various sectors. This was a period wherein the agricultural sector such as cotton producers blossomed and greatly contributed to the wealth of America, mainly overdue to the extensive labor being imposed on the African-A merican slaves (Wikepedia. org).However, the American Civil War, which was conflict between the Confederate states and the Federal government of the U. S or a battle between a side that favored the expansion of slavery and the side that opposed it, respectively, signaled the end of slavery. The war, which lasted from 1861 to 1865 and was the deadliest in the history of America, effectively cease slavery and led to the Reconstruction era, which saw the reunion of all states and the restoration of peace (Wikipedia. org). Moreover, the passage of Thirteenth Amendment to the U. S.Constitution in December 1865 made all form of slavery illegal. By 1870, all slaves were freed from their masters and were given due rights (Wikipedia. org) For me, slavery is one of the most inhumane acts a person could do to some other human being as it is like treating him or her like some form of property. It is also highly discriminative and denies a person his or her radical rights. Considering the ci rcumstances of the history of slavery in the United States, it was clear that one of the bases for making a person a slave is his or her skin color.Historically, about all the slaves were non-whites or those who belong to the black race. For example, if a person is of African-American descent the rest of society back then would view him or her as someone inferior and undeserving of the rights afforded to the white race. In my view, this is a highly narrow way of viewing and treating all kind of person as a whole. The basis of judging a person should never be on the color of his or her skin. For that matter, the criteria promoting an employee and accepting an applicant to a university should also never embroil his or her skin color and race.It is important for society to accept the fact that the world is diverse and should not discriminate against others just because their skin color is different. Doing so would avoid the petty conflicts concerning differences in race and color th at be still widespread all across the glob. Moreover, although slavery in the United States was a highly deplorable act, I believe it was an important part of the countrys history as it exposed to the entire world the harsh realities of human exploitation.It basically opened the eyes of people around the world and enabled them to build a better nation while keeping in mind the mistakes of the past. In short, the countrys bad history of slavery allowed the good things to come out. Taking everything into consideration and based on the statements and facts mentioned above, it can then be deduced that slavery, in any form or kind, is an immoral act that degrades the dignity of a person.It is important to keep in mind that the slaves, no matter what their skin color is, are still human beings and should therefore enjoy the rights that other people enjoy. The lesson learned from slavery should also apply to everyday situations of discrimination and racism, among many others.Works Cited thrall in the United States. 2008. Wikipedia. org. 10 December 2008 .

Endosymbiotic Theory Essay

The endo opineent theory explains the evolution of the eucaryotic cell and eukaryotic organelles by phagonecytocis of small prokaryotic cells. This theory states that some of the organelles in todays eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic bacteria.In this theory, the first eukaryotic cell was probably an amoeba-like nucleated (probably desoxyribonucleic acid in a nucleoid region not an actual nucleus) prokaryotic cell that got nutrients by phagocytosis (engulfing nutrients or new(prenominal) cells) Some of these unicellular amoeba-like organisms engulfed prokaryotic cells that somehow were not digested within the organism. In the process of being engulfed the little cells would rich person been wrapped in membrane from the larger cell, today we see double membranes in mitochondria and chloroplasts.The symbiotic kindred was beneficial because the host cell would have provided essential nutrients to the engulfed prokaryotic cell in put back the smaller prokaryotic cell used the se nutrients to synthesize ATP molecules, this ATP was used as an vitality source by the host cell. The smaller prokaryotic cell was given a safe surround as well as receiving nutrients from the larger host cell.The small prokaryotic cell developed a symbiotic (mutually beneficial) relationship with the host cell. This smaller prokaryotic cell would eventually become mitochondria or chloroplasts. Mitochondria would have been create when bacteria cap able-bodied of aerobic respiration were ingested by a much larger cell. Chloroplasts formed when photosynthetic bacteria were ingested. They eventually lost their cell wall and much of their DNA because they were not of acquire within the host cell. Mitochondria and chloroplasts cannot grow outside their host cell in normal conditions because they now depend on the cell for protection and nutrients. The reason we do not see this type of symbiotic relationship today is because conditions are much different now then they were on earth m illions of years ago when this symbiotic event first took place.Scientists can support the endosymbiotic hypothesis because the characteristics of cogency organelles are so quasi(prenominal) to those of prokaryotes. Energy organelles have their own set of genetic information it is not foundenclosed in a nucleus but a circular ring in a nucleoid region right like prokaryotic DNA. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes this would imply that at one time energy organelles were able be self sufficient. Both organelles have a double membrane, a remnant of ancient endosymbiotic event. in like manner when a cell divides by mitosis the energy organelles replicate the same way as do prokaryotic bacteria, by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are about the same size as prokaryotic cells. The DNA of these energy organelles is different from the DNA found in the cells nucleus. There is some evidence of bacterial DNA in these energy organelles that suggests that long ago they were once prokaryotic cells.Biology, Neil A. Campbell & Jane B. ReeceBenjamin Cummings 7th Edition, 2006Investigating Biology, Neil A Campbell & Jane B.ReeceBenjamin Cummings sixth Edition 2007

Solutions of Financial Management

Chapter 1 An Overview of financial Management Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, students should be able to ? Identify the three main forms of employment organization and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each one. ? Identify the primary tendency of the management of a publicly held corporation, and come across the relationship between line of descent sets and sh atomic number 18holder measure out. ? Differentiate between what is meant by a profligates infixed valuate and its market jimmy and understand the concept of equilibrium in the market. Briefly explicate three most-valuable trends that throw away been occurring in business that drive implications for managers. ? Define business ethics and short explain what companies be doing in response to a renewed interest in ethics, the consequences of unethical behavior, and how employees should conduct with unethical behavior. ? Briefly explain the conflicts between managers and derivationholde rs, and explain useful motivational tools that put up help to check these conflicts. Identify the key officers in the organization and briefly explain their responsibilities. Lecture Suggestions Chapter 1 c all all oers some important concepts, and discussing them in stratum can be interesting. However, students can read the chapter on their own, so it can be assigned but non cover in class. We spend the beginning day going over the syllabus and discussing grading and separate mechanics relating to the course. To the extent that time permits, we talk about the topics that pass on be covered in the course and the structure of the book.We also discuss briefly the fact that it is assumed that managers discover to maximize stock outlays, but that they may put one across other goals, hence that it is useful to tie executive purposeor compensation to stockholder-oriented consummation measures. If time permits, we think its worthwhile to spend at least a full day on the chapt er. If not, we ask students to read it on their own, and to keep them honest, we ask one or two questions about the material on the first mid-term exam.One point we emphasize in the first class is that students should print a copy of the PowerPoint slides for each chapter covered and purchase a financial calculator right off, and drive both to class regularly. We also put copies of the various versions of our Brief Calculator Manual, which in about 12 pages explains how to use the most popular calculators, in the copy center. Students give need to learn how to use their calculators immediately as time value of money concepts are covered in Chapter 2. It is important for students to grasp these concepts azoic as mevery of the remaining chapters build on the TVM concepts.We are often asked what calculator students should buy. If they already have a financial calculator that can find IRRs, we tell them that it will do, but if they do not have one, we recommend either the HP-10BII o r 17BII. Pl assuagement see the Lecture Suggestions for Chapter 2 for more on calculators. DAYS ON CHAPTER 1 OF 58 DAYS (50-minute periods) Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions 1-1When you purchase a stock, you tarry to receive dividends add-on capital gains. Not all stocks pay dividends immediately, but those corporations that do, typically pay dividends quarterly. great gains (losses) are received when the stock is sold. forms are risky, so you would not be certain that your expectations would be metas you would if you had purchased a U. S. Treasury security, which offers a guaranteed payment every 6 months plus repayment of the purchase price when the security matures. 1-2No, the stocks of variant companies are not equally risky. A accompany might operate in an industry that is viewed as comparatively risky, much(prenominal) as biotechnologywhere millions of dollars are spent on R&D that may never result in winnings.A company might also be heavily regulated and this could b e sensed as increasing its risk. Other factors that could cause a companys stock to be viewed as relatively risky take on heavy use of debt financing vs. equity financing, stock price volatility, and so on. 1-3If institutionalizeors are more confident that Company As cash flows will be adjacent to their expected value than Company Bs cash flows, pastce investors will drive the stock price up for Company A. Consequently, Company A will have a higher stock price than Company B. -4No, all corporate projects are not equally risky. A jutetary houses investment decisions have a significant impact on the riskiness of the stock. For example, the types of assets a company charters to invest in can impact the stocks risksuch as capital intensifier vs. labor intensive, specialized assets vs. general (multipurpose) assetsand how they choose to finance those assets can also impact risk. 1-5A cockeyeds intrinsic value is an estimate of a stocks true value base on accurate risk and retu rn data. It can be estimated but not measured precisely.A stocks flow rate price is its market pricethe value found on perceived but possibly incorrect study as seen by the marginal investor. From these definitions, you can see that a stocks true long-run value is more closely related to its intrinsic value kind of than its current price. 1-6Equilibrium is the situation where the actual market price equals the intrinsic value, so investors are indifferent between purchase or selling a stock. If a stock is in equilibrium then there is no fundamental imbalance, hence no pressure for a change in the stocks price.At any given time, most stocks are reasonably close to their intrinsic determine and thus are at or close to equilibrium. However, at times stock prices and equilibrium values are different, so stocks can be temporarily undervalued or overvalued. 1-7If the three intrinsic value estimates for Stock X were different, I would have the most confidence in Company Xs CFOs esti mate. Intrinsic values are strictly estimates, and different analysts with different data and different views of the future will form different estimates of the intrinsic value for any given stock.However, a loadeds managers have the best information about the companys future prospects, so managers estimates of intrinsic value are generally advance than the estimates of outside investors. 1-8If a stocks market price and intrinsic value are equal, then the stock is in equilibrium and there is no pressure (buying/selling) to change the stocks price. So, theoretically, it is go bad that the two be equal however, intrinsic value is a long-run concept. Managements goal should be to maximize the firms intrinsic value, not its current price.So, maximizing the intrinsic value will maximize the average price over the long run but not inescapably the current price at each point in time. So, stockholders in general would probably expect the firms market price to be under the intrinsic valu erealizing that if management is doing its occupation that current price at any point in time would not necessarily be maximized. However, the chief operating officer would prefer that the market price be highsince it is the current price that he will receive when exercising his stock options.In addition, he will be retiring after exercising those options, so there will be no repercussions to him (with respect to his job) if the market price dropsunless he did something illegal during his land tenure as CEO. 1-9The board of directors should set CEO compensation dependent on how well the firm performs. The compensation packet boat should be sufficient to attract and retain the CEO but not go beyond what is needed. fee should be structured so that the CEO is rewarded on the basis of the stocks performance over the long run, not the stocks price on an option performance date.This direction that options (or direct stock awards) should be phased in over a number of years so the CEO will have an incentive to keep the stock price high over time. If the intrinsic value could be measured in an objective and verifiable manner, then performance pay could be based on changes in intrinsic value. However, it is easier to measure the growth rate in reported profits than the intrinsic value, although reported profits can be manipulated through aggressive accounting procedures and intrinsic value cannot be manipulated.Since intrinsic value is not observable, compensation must(prenominal) be based on the stocks market pricebut the price used should be an average over time rather than on a spot date. 1-10The three principal forms of business organization are sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation. The advantages of the first two include the ease and low cost of formation. The advantages of the corporation include limited liability, indefinite life, ease of ownership transfer, and access to capital markets.The disadvantages of a sole proprietorship are (1) diffic ulty in obtaining pear-shaped sums of capital (2) eternal personal liability for business debts and (3) limited life. The disadvantages of a partnership are (1) unlimited liability, (2) limited life, (3) difficulty of transferring ownership, and (4) difficulty of raising large amounts of capital. The disadvantages of a corporation are (1) double tax of earnings and (2) setting up a corporation and filing required state and federal reports, which are complex and time-consuming. 1-11Stockholder wealth maximization is a long-run goal.Companies, and consequently the stockholders, prosper by management do decisions that will produce long-term earnings increases. Actions that are continually shortsighted often catch up with a firm and, as a result, it may find itself unable to compete workively against its competitors. in that respect has been much criticism in recent years that U. S. firms are too short-run profit-oriented. A found example is the U. S. auto industry, which has bee n accused of continuing to build large throttle valve guzzler automobiles because they had higher profit margins rather than retooling for smaller, more fuel-efficient models. -12Useful motivational tools that will aid in aligning stockholders and managements interests include (1) reasonable compensation packages, (2) direct intervention by shareowners, including firing managers who dont perform well, and (3) the terror of takeover. The compensation package should be sufficient to attract and retain able managers but not go beyond what is needed. Also, compensation packages should be structured so that managers are rewarded on the basis of the stocks performance over the long run, not the stocks price on an option exercise date.This means that options (or direct stock awards) should be phased in over a number of years so managers will have an incentive to keep the stock price high over time. Since intrinsic value is not observable, compensation must be based on the stocks market pricebut the price used should be an average over time rather than on a spot date. Stockholders can intervene directly with managers. Today, the majority of stock is owned by institutional investors and these institutional money managers have the clout to exercise considerable influence over firms operations.First, they can talk with managers and render suggestions about how the business should be run. In effect, these institutional investors act as lobbyists for the body of stockholders. Second, any shareholder who has owned $2,000 of a companys stock for one year can sponsor a proposal that must be voted on at the annual stockholders meeting, even if management opposes the proposal. Although shareholder-sponsored proposals are non-binding, the results of such votes are clearly heard by top management. If a firms stock is undervalued, then corporate raiders will see it to be a bargain and will attempt to capture the firm in a hostile takeover.If the raid is successful, the targets executives will almost certainly be fired. This situation gives managers a strong incentive to take actions to maximize their stocks price. 1-13a. Corporate bounty is always a sticky issue, but it can be justified in terms of luck to create a more attractive commwholey that will get to it easier to hire a plentiful work force. This corporate philanthropy could be received by stockholders negatively, especially those stockholders not living in its headquarters city.Stockholders are interested in actions that maximize share price, and if competing firms are not making mistakable contributions, the cost of this philanthropy has to be borne by someonethe stockholders. Thus, stock price could decrease. b. Companies must make investments in the current period in order to generate future cash flows. Stockholders should be aware of this, and expect a correct analysis has been performed, they should react positively to the decision. The Mexican plant is in this category. Capital budge ting is covered in depth in Part 4 of the text.Assuming that the correct capital budgeting analysis has been make, the stock price should increase in the future. c. U. S. Treasury bonds are considered safe investments, while common stock are farther more risky. If the company were to switch the emergency funds from Treasury bonds to stocks, stockholders should see this as increasing the firms risk because stock returns are not guaranteedsometimes they go up and sometimes they go down. The firm might need the funds when the prices of their investments were low and not have the needed emergency funds.Consequently, the firms stock price would probably fall. 1-14a. No, TIAA-CREF is not an ordinary shareholder. Because it is one of the largest institutional shareholders in the unify States and it controls nearly $280 billion in pension funds, its voice carries a lot of weight. This shareholder in effect consists of many man-to-man shareholders whose pensions are invested with this gro up. b. The owners of TIAA-CREF are the singular teachers whose pensions are invested with this group. c. For TIAA-CREF to be effective in wielding its weight, it must act as a coordinated unit.In order to do this, the funds managers should solicit from the individual shareholders their votes on the funds practices, and from those votes act on the majoritys wishes. In so doing, the individual teachers whose pensions are invested in the fund have in effect determined the funds take practices. 1-15Earnings per share in the current year will decline due to the cost of the investment made in the current year and no significant performance impact in the short run. However, the companys stock price should increase due to the significant cost savings expected in the future. -16The board of directors should set CEO compensation dependent on how well the firm performs. The compensation package should be sufficient to attract and retain the CEO but not go beyond what is needed. Compensation should be structured so that the CEO is rewarded on the basis of the stocks performance over the long run, not the stocks price on an option exercise date. This means that options (or direct stock awards) should be phased in over a number of years so the CEO will have an incentive to keep the stock price high over time.If the intrinsic value could be measured in an objective and verifiable manner, then performance pay could be based on changes in intrinsic value. Since intrinsic value is not observable, compensation must be based on the stocks market pricebut the price used should be an average over time rather than on a spot date. The board should probably set the CEOs compensation as a mix between a fixed salary and stock options. The iniquity president of Company Xs actions would be different than if he were CEO of some other company. 17.Setting the compensation policy for three division managers would be different than setting the compensation policy for a CEO because performan ce of each of these managers could be more easily observed. For a CEO an award based on stock price performance makes sense, while in this situation it probably doesnt make sense. Each of the managers could still be given stock awards however, rather than the award being based on stock price it could be determined from some observable measure like increased gas output, oil output, etc. Answers to End-of-Chapter ProblemsWe present here some intermediate steps and final answers to end-of-chapter problems. Please bring up that your answer may differ slightly from ours due to rounding differences. Also, although we hope not, some of the problems may have more than one correct solution, depending on what assumptions are made in working the problem. Finally, many of the problems enquire some verbal discussion as well as numerical calculations this verbal material is not presented here. 2-1FV5 = $16,105. 10. 2-2PV = $1,292. 10. 2-3I/YR = 8. 01%. 2-4N = 11. 01 years. 2-5N = 11 years. 2-6F VA5 = $1,725. 22 FVA5 Due = $1,845. 99. 2-7PV = $923. 98 FV = $1,466. 4. 2-8PMT = $444. 89 EAR = 12. 6825%. 2-9a. $530. d. $445. 2-10a. $895. 42. b. $1,552. 92. c. $279. 20. d. $499. 99 $867. 13. 2-11a. 14. 87%. 2-12b. 7%. c. 9%. d. 15%. 2-13a. 10. 24 years. c. 4. 19 years. 2-14a. $6,374. 97. d(1). $7,012. 47. 2-15a. $2,457. 83. c. $2,000. d(1). $2,703. 61. 2-16PV7% = $1,428. 57 PV14% = $714. 29. 2-179%. 2-18a. Stream A $1,251. 25. 2-19a. $423,504. 48. b. $681,537. 69. c(2). $84,550. 80. 2-20Contract 2 PV = $10,717,847. 14. 2-21a. 30-year payment plan PV = $68,249,727. b. 10-year payment plan PV = $63,745,773. c. Lump sum PV = $61,000,000. 2-22a. $802. 43. c. $984. 88. 2-23a. $881. 7. b. $895. 42. c. $903. 06. d. $908. 35. e. $910. 97. 2-24a. $279. 20. b. $276. 84. c. $443. 72. 2-25a. $5,272. 32. b. $5,374. 07. 2-26$17,290. 89 $19,734. 26. 2-27a. Bank A = 4%. 2-28INOM = 7. 8771%. 2-293%. 2-30a. E = 63. 74 yrs. K = 41. 04 yrs. b. $35,825. 33. 2-31a. $35,459. 51. b. $27,232. 49. 2-32 $496. 11. 2-33$17,659. 50. 2-34a. PMT = $10,052. 87. b. Yr 3 Int/Pymt = 9. 09% Princ/Pymt = 90. 91%. 2-35a. PMT = $34,294. 65. b. PMT = $7,252. 78. c. Balloon PMT = $94,189. 69. 2-36a. $5,308. 12. b. $4,877. 09. 2-37a. 50 mos. b. 13 mos. c. $112. 38. 2-38$309,015. 2-39$36,950. 2-40$9,385. 3-1$1,000,000. 3-2$2,500,000. -3$3,600,000. 3-4$20,000,000. 3-5a, possibly c. 3-6$89,100,000. 3-7a. $50,000. b. $115,000. 3-8NI = $450,000 NCF = $650,000 OCF = $650,000. 3-910,500,000 shares. 3-10a. $2,400,000,000. b. $4,500,000,000. c. $5,400,000,000. d. $1,100,000,000. 3-11$12,681,482. 3-12a. $592 million. b. RE04 = $1,374 million. c. $1,600 million. d. $15 million. e. $620 million. 3-13a. $90,000,000. b. NOWC05 = $192,000,000 NOWC04 = $210,000,000. c. OC04 = $460,000,000 OC05 = $492,000,000. d. FCF = $58,000,000. 3-14a. $2,400,000. b. NI = 0 NCF = $3,000,000. c. NI = $1,350,000 NCF = $2,100,000. 4-1AR = $800,000. 4-2D/A = 58. 33%. 4-3TATO = 5 EM = 1. . 4-4M/B = 4. 2667. 4-5P/E = 12. 0. 4-6ROE = 8%. 4-7$112,500. 4-815. 31%. 4-9$142. 50. 4-10NI/S = 2% D/A = 40%. 4-112. 9867. 4-12 data link = 2. 25. 4-13TIE = 3. 86. 4-14ROE = 23. 1%. 4-15(ROE = +5. 54% QR = 1. 2. 4-167. 2%. 4-17a. 4-186. 0. 4-19$262,500. 4-20$405,682. 4-21$50. 4-22A/P = $90,000 Inv = $90,000 FA = $138,000. 4-23a. rate of flow ratio = 1. 98 DSO = 76. 3 age Total assets turnover = 1. 73 Debt ratio = 61. 9%. 4-24a. TIE = 11 EBITDA coverage = 9. 46 Profit margin = 3. 40% ROE = 8. 57%. 6-1b. Upward tilt yield curve. c. Inflation expected to increase. d. Borrow long term. 6-22. 25%. 6-36% 6. 33%. 6-41. 5%. 6-50. %. 6-621. 8%. 6-75. 5%. 6-88. 5%. 6-96. 8%. 6-106. 0%. 6-111. 55%. 6-120. 35%. 6-131. 775%. 6-14a. r1 in Year 2 = 6%. b. I1 = 2% I2 = 5%. 6-15r1 in Year 2 = 9% I2 = 7%. 6-1614%. 6-177. 2%. 6-18a. r1 = 9. 20% r5 = 7. 20%. 6-19a. 8. 20%. b. 10. 20%. c. r5 = 10. 70%. 7-1$935. 82. 7-2a. 7. 11%. b. 7. 22%. c. $988. 46. 7-3$1,028. 60. 7-4YTM = 6. 62% YTC = 6. 49% most likely yield = 6. 49%. 7-5a. VL at 5% = $1 ,518. 98 VL at 8% = $1,171. 19 VL at 12% = $863. 78. 7-6a. C0 = $1,012. 79 Z0 = $693. 04 C1 = $1,010. 02 Z1 = $759. 57 C2 = $1,006. 98 Z2 = $832. 49 C3 = $1,003. 65 Z3 = $912. 41 C4 = $1,000. 00 Z4 = $1,000. 00. -710-year, 10% coupon = 6. 75% 10-year cypher = 9. 75% 5-year zero = 4. 76% 30-year zero = 32. 19% $100 perpetuity = 14. 29%. 7-815. 03%. 7-9a. YTM at $829 ? 15%. 7-10a. YTM = 9. 69%. b. CY = 8. 875% CGY = 0. 816%. 7-11a. YTM = 10. 37% YTC = 10. 15% YTC. b. 10. 91%. c. -0. 54% (based on YTM) -0. 76% (based on YTC). 7-12a. YTM = 8% YTC = 6. 1%. 7-13VB = $974. 42 YTM = 8. 64%. 7-1410. 78%. 7-15a. 5 years. b. YTC = 6. 47%. 7-16$987. 87. 7-17$1,067. 95. 7-188. 88%. 7-19a. ABS = 6. 3% F = 8%. 7-20a. 8. 35%. b. 8. 13%. 8-1pic = 11. 40% ( = 26. 69% CV = 2. 34. 8-2bp = 1. 12. 8-3r = 10. 9%. 8-4rM = 11% r = 12. 2%. 8-5a. = 1. b. r = 13%. 8-6a. picY = 14%. b. (X = 12. 20%. 8-7bp = 0. 7625 rp = 12. 1%. 8-8b = 1. 33. 8-94. 5%. 8-104. 2%. 8-11r = 17. 05%. 8-12rM rRF = 4. 375%. 8-13a. r i = 15. 5%. b(1). rM = 15% ri = 16. 5%. c(1). ri = 18. 1%. 8-14bN = 1. 16. 8-157. 2%. 8-16rp = 11. 75%. 8-171. 7275. 8-18a. $0. 5 million. d(2). 15%. 8-19a. CVX = 3. 5 CVY = 2. 0. c. rX = 10. 5% rY = 12%. d. Stock Y. e. rp = 10. 875%. 8-20a. rA = 11. 30%. c. (A = 20. 8% (p = 20. 1%. 8-21a. ri = 6% + (5%)bi. b. 15%. c. Indifference rate = 16%. 9-1D1 = $1. 6050 D3 = $1. 8376 D5 = $2. 0259. 9-2pic = $6. 25. 9-3pic = $21. 20 rs = 11. 30%. 9-4b. $37. 80. c. 34. 09. 9-5$60. 9-6rp = 8. 33%. 9-7a. 13. 33%. b. 10%. c. 8%. d. 5. 71%. 9-8a. $125. b. $83. 33. 9-9a. 10%. b. 10. 38%. 9-10$23. 75. 9-11$13. 11. 9-12a(1). $9. 50. a(2). $13. 33. a(3). $21. 00. a(4). $44. 00. b(1). Undefined. b(2). -$48. 00, which is nonsense. 9-13a. rC = 8. 6% rD = 5%. b. No pic = $32. 61. 9-14pic = $27. 32. 9-15a. P0 = $32. 14. b. P0 = $37. 50. c. P0 = $50. 00. d. P0 = $78. 28. 9-16P0 = $19. 89. 9-17a. $713. 33 million. b. $527. 89 million. c. $42. 79. 9-186. 25%. 9-19a. $2. 10 $2. 205 $2. 31525. b. PV = $5. 29. c. $24. 72. d. $30. 00. e. $30. 00 9-20a. P0 = $54. 11 D1/P0 = 3. 55% CGY = 6. 45%. 9-21a. 24,112,308. b. $321,000,000. c. $228,113,612. d. $16. 81. 9-22$35. 00. 9-23a. New price = $44. 26. b. beta = 0. 5107. 9-24a. $2. 01 $2. 31 $2. 66 $3. 06 $3. 52. b. P0 = $39. 43. c. D1/P0 2006 = 5. 10% CGY2006 = 6. 9% D1/P0 2011 = 7. 00% CGY2011 = 5%. 10-1rd(1 T) = 7. 80%. 10-2rp = 8%. 10-3rs = 13%. 10-4rs = 15% re = 16. 11%. 10-5Projects A through E should be judge. 10-6a. rs = 16. 3%. b. rs = 15. 4%. c. rs = 16%. d. rs AVG = 15. 9%. 10-7a. rs = 14. 83%. b. F = 10%. c. re = 15. 81%. 10-8rs = 16. 51% WACC = 12. 79%. 10-9WACC = 12. 72%. 10-10WACC = 11. 4%. 10-11wd = 20%. 10-12a. rs = 14. 40%. b. WACC = 10. 62%. c.Project A. 10-13re = 17. 26%. 10-1411. 94%. 10-15a. g = 9. 10%. b. Payout = 50. 39%. 10-16a. g = 8%. b. D1 = $2. 81. c. rs = 15. 81%. 10-17a. g = 3%. b. EPS1 = $5. 562. 10-18a. rd = 7% rp = 10. 20% rs = 15. 72%. b. WACC = 13. 86%. c. Projects 1 and 2 will be accepted. 10-19a. Projects A, C, E, F, and H should be accepted. b. Projects A, F, and H should be accepted $12 million. c. Projects A, C, F, and H should be accepted $15 million. 10-20a. rd(1 T) = 5. 4% rs = 14. 6%. b. WACC = 10. 92%. 11-1NPV = $7,486. 68. 11-2IRR = 16%. 11-3MIRR = 13. 89%. 11-44. 34 years. 11-5DPP = 6. 51 years. 11-6a. 5% NPVA = $3. 52 NPVB = $2. 87. 0% NPVA = $0. 58 NPVB = $1. 04. 15% NPVA = -$1. 91 NPVB = -$0. 55. b. IRRA = 11. 10% IRRB = 13. 18%. c. 5% Choose A 10% Choose B 15% Do not choose either one. 11-7a. NPVA = $866. 16 IRRA = 19. 86% MIRRA = 17. 12% PaybackA = 3 yrs Discounted Payback = 4. 17 yrs NPVB = $1,225. 25 IRRB = 16. 80% MIRRB = 15. 51% PaybackB = 3. 21 yrs Discounted Payback = 4. 58 yrs. 11-8a. Without mitigation NPV = $12. 10 million With mitigation NPV = $5. 70 million. 11-9a. Without mitigation NPV = $15. 95 million With mitigation NPV = -$11. 25 million. 11-10Project A NPVA = $30. 16. 11-11NPVS = $448. 86 NPVL = $607. 0 Accept Project L. 11-12IRRL = 11. 74%. 11-13MIRRX = 13. 59%. 11-14a. HCC PV of costs = -$805,009. 87. c. HCC PV of costs = -$767,607. 75. LCC PV of costs = -$686,627. 14. 11-15a. IRRA = 20% IRRB = 16. 7% crosswalk rate ? 16%. 11-16a. NPVA = $14,486,808 NPVB = $11,156,893 IRRA = 15. 03% IRRB = 22. 26%. b. Crossover rate ? 12%. 11-17a. NPVA = $200. 41 NPVB = $145. 93. b. IRRA = 18. 1% IRRB = 24. 0%. c. MIRRA = 15. 10% MIRRB = 17. 03%. f. MIRRA = 18. 05% MIRRB = 20. 48%. 11-18a. No PVOld = -$89,910. 08 PVNew = -$94,611. 45. b. $2,470. 80. c. 22. 94%. 11-19b. NPV10% = -$99,174 NPV20% = $500,000. d. 9. 54% 22. 7%. 11-20$10,239. 20. 11-21MIRR = 10. 93%. 11-22$250. 01. 12-1a. $12,000,000. 12-2a. $2,600,000. 12-3$4,600,000. 12-4b. Accelerated method $12,781. 64. 12-5E(NPV) = $3,000,000 (NPV = $23. 622 million CV = 7. 874. 12-6a. -$178,000. b. $52,440 $60,600 $40,200. c. $48,760. d. NPV = -$19,549 Do not purchase. 12-7b. -$126,000. c. $42,518 $47,579 $34,926. d. $50,702. e. NPV = $10,841 Purchase. 12-8a. pass judgment CFA = $6,750 Expect ed CFB = $7,650 CVA = 0. 0703. b. NPVA = $10,036 NPVB = $11,624. 12-9NPV5 = $2,211 NPV4 = -$2,081 NPV8 = $13,329. 12-10a. NPV = $37,035. 13. b. +20% $77,975. 63 -20% NPV = -$3,905. 37. c.E(NPV) = $34,800. 21 (NPV = $35,967. 84 CV = 1. 03. 13-1a. E(NPV) = -$446,998. 50. b. E(NPV) = $2,806,803. 16. c. $3,253,801. 66. 13-2a. Project B NPVB = $2,679. 46. b. Project A NPVA = $3,773. 65. c. Project A EAAA = $1,190. 48. 13-3NPV190-3 = $20,070 NPV360-6 = $22,256. 13-4A EAAA = $1,407. 85. 13-5Projects A, B, C, and D Optimal capital budget = $3,900000. 13-6NPVA = $9. 93 million. 13-7Machine B Extended NPVB = $3. 67 million. 13-8EAAY = $7,433. 12. 13-9Wait NPV = $2,212,964. 13-10No, NPV3 = $1,307. 29. 13-11a. Accept A, B, C, D, and E Capital budget = $5,250,000. b. Accept A, B, D, and E Capital budget = $4,000,000. c.Accept B, C, D, E, F, and G Capital budget = $6,000,000. 13-12a. NPV = $4. 6795 million. b. No, NPV = $3. 2083 million. c. 0. 13-13a. NPV = -$2,113,481. 31. b. NPV = $1,973,037. 3 9. c. E(NPV) = -$70,221. 96. d. E(NPV) = $832,947. 27. e. $1,116,071. 43. 14-1QBE = 500,000. 14-230% debt and 70% equity. 14-3a. E(EPSC) = $5. 10. 14-4bU = 1. 0435. 14-5a. ROELL = 14. 6% ROEHL = 16. 8%. b. ROELL = 16. 5%. 14-6a(1). -$60,000. b. QBE = 14,000. 14-7No leverage ROE = 10. 5% ( = 5. 4% CV = 0. 51 60% leverage ROE = 13. 7% ( = 13. 5% CV = 0. 99. 14-8rs = 17%. 14-9a. P0 = $25. b. P0 = $25. 81. 14-10a. FCA = $80,000 VA = $4. 80/unit PA = $8. 0/unit. 14-11a. 10. 96%. b. 1. 25. c. 1. 086957. d. 14. 13%. e. 10. 76%. 14-12a. EPSOld = $2. 04 New EPSD = $4. 74 EPSS = $3. 27. b. 339,750 units. c. QNew, Debt = 272,250 units. 14-13Debt used E(EPS) = $5. 78 (EPS = $1. 05 E(TIE) = 3. 49(. Stock used E(EPS) = $5. 51 (EPS = $0. 85 E(TIE) = 6. 00(. 15-1Payout = 55%. 15-2P0 = $60. 15-3P0 = $40. 15-4D0 = $3. 44. 15-5$3,250,000. 15-6Payout = 31. 39%. 15-7a. $1. 44. b. 3%. c. $1. 20. d. 33? %. 15-8a. 12%. b. 18%. c. 6% 18%. d. 6%. e. 28,800 new shares $0. 13 per share. 15-9a(1). $3,960,000. a (2). $4,800,000. a(3). $9,360,000. a(4). Regular = $3,960,000 Extra = $5,400,000. c. 5%. d. 15%. 16-1103. 41 days 86. 99 days $400,000 $32,000. 16-273 days 30 days $1,178,082. 16-3$1,205,479 20. 5% 22. 4% 10. 47% bank debt. 16-4a. 83 days. b. $356,250. c. 4. 87(. 16-5a. DSO = 28 days. b. A/R = $70,000. 16-6a. 32 days. b. $288,000. c. $45,000. d(1). 30. d(2). $378,000. 16-7a. 57. 33 days. b(1). 2(. b(2). 12%. c(1). 46. 5 days. c(2). 2. 1262(. c(3). 12. 76%. 16-8a. ROET = 11. 75% ROEM = 10. 80% ROER = 9. 16%. 16-9b. $420,000. c. $35,000. 16-10a. Oct. loan = $22,800. 17-1AFN = $410,000. 17-2AFN = $610,000. 17-3AFN = $200,000. 17-4a. $133. 50 million. b. 39. 06%. 17-5a. $5,555,555,556. b. 30. 6%. c. $13,600,000. 7-6$67 million 5. 01. 17-7$156 million. 17-8a. $480,000. b. $18,750. 17-9? S = $68,965. 52. 17-10$34. 338 million 34. 97 ? 35 days. 17-11$19. 10625 million 6. 0451. 17-12a. $2,500,000,000. b. 24%. c. $24,000,000. 17-13a. AFN = $128,783. b. 3. 45%. 17-14a. 33%. b. AFN = $2,549. c . ROE = 13. 06%. 18-1a. $5. 00. b. $2. 00. 18-2$27. 00 $37. 00. 18-3a, b, and c. 18-4$1. 82. 18-5rd = 5. 95% $91,236. 18-6b. Futures = +$4,180,346 Bond = -$2,203,701 Net = $1,976,645. 18-7a. $3. 06 $4. 29. b. 16. 67%, 61. 46% -100%. c. -16. 67% -100% 63. 40%. d. No $30. 00 and $27. 00. e. Yes $37. 50 and $37. 50. 19-10. 6667 pound per dollar. 9-227. 2436 yen per shekel. 19-31 yen = $0. 00907. 19-41 euro = $0. 68966 or $1 = 1. 45 euros. 19-5 Dollars per 1,000 Units of Pounds Can. Dollars Euros Yen Pesos Kronas $1,747. 10 $820. 60 $1,206. 90 $8. 97 $93. 10 $128. 10 19-76. 49351 krones. 19-815 kronas per pound. 19-10rNOM-U. S. = 4. 6%. 19-11117 pesos. 19-12b. $1. 6488. 19-13a. $2,772,003. b. $2,777,585. c. $3,333,333. 19-14+$250,000. 19-15b. $19,865. 19-16$468,837,209. 19-17a. $52. 63 20%. b. 1. 5785 SF per U. S. $. c. 41. 54 Swiss francs 16. 92%. 20-155. 6% 50%. 20-2$196. 6. 20-3CR = 25 shares. 20-4a. D/AJ-H = 50% D/AM-E = 67%. 20-5a. PV cost of leasing = -$954,639 Lease equipment. 20-6a. EV = -$3 EV = $0 EV = $4 EV = $49. d. 9% $90. 20-8a. PV cost of owning = -$185,112 PV cost of leasing = -$187,534 Purchase loom. 20-9b. Percent ownership Original = 80% Plan 1 = 53% Plans 2 and 3 = 57%. c. EPS0 = $0. 48 EPS1 = $0. 60 EPS2 = $0. 64 EPS3 = $0. 86. d. D/A0 = 73% D/A1 = 13% D/A2 = 13% D/A3 = 48%. 21-1P0 = $37. 04. 21-2P0 = $43. 48. 21-3$37. 04 to $43. 48. 21-4a. 16. 8%. b. V = $14. 93 million. 21-5NPV = -$6,747. 71 Do not purchase. 21-6a. 14%. b. TV = $1,143. 4 V = $877. 2.