Cultural Diversity in Perception Alternative Views of...

CHAPTER FOUR CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN PERCEPTION: ALTERNATIVE VIEWS OF REALITY UNDERSTANDING PERCEPTION The physical mechanism of perception is pretty much the same in all people: sensory organs such as the eyes, ears, and nose permit us to sense our environment, and the sensations received by them are routed to our brains, where they are interpreted and accorded meaning in a two-stage sequence. The first stage is recognition or identification, in which a configuration of light or sound waves is identified. At the second stage, the interpretation and evaluation of that which has been identified take place. The result of this process is not the same for all people, however, because the process is learned and therefore influenced†¦show more content†¦DIVERSE CULTURAL PATTERNS Hofstede’s Value Dimensions Geert Hofstede has identified four value dimensions that have significant impact on behavior in all cultures. These are the following: 1. Individualism-Collectivism Individual is the single most important unit in any social setting, regardless of the size of that unit, and the uniqueness of each individual is of paramount value. In individualism, an â€Å"I† consciousness prevails: competition rather than cooperation is encouraged; personal goals take precedent over group goals; people tend not to be emotionally dependent on organizations and institutions and every individual has the right to his or her private property, thoughts and opinions. In collectivism, a â€Å"We† consciousness prevails: identity is based on the social system; the individual is emotionally dependent on organizations and institutions; the culture emphasizes belonging to organizations; organizations invade private life and clans to which individuals belong; and individuals trust group decisions. 2. Uncertainty Avoidance At the core of uncertainty avoidance is the inescapable truism that the future is unknown. Uncertainty and avoidance indicate the extent to which a culture feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations. 3. Power Distance It refers to the extent to which a societyShow MoreRelatedEmpirical Research For Treatment Of Intercultural Marriage856 Words   |  4 PagesMarriage According to Hsu (2001), intercultural marriage is â€Å"marriage formed by partners with relatively diverse cultural backgrounds† (p.225). This is prominently seen through the film, in which Toula, a Grecian-American marries Ian Miller, a Caucasian- American. This film depicts the conflict that surrounds this union prior to marriage, such as planning the wedding, navigating the cultural differences and gaining parental approval for the union. Although it is understandable that intercultural marriageRead MoreCulturally Sensitive Environment730 Words   |  3 PagesSome ways to build a culturally sensitive environment within healthcare It is evident that cultures shape up human’s perception and build the baseline upon which the right and the wrong are judged. For healthcare providers, service should be offered according to patients’ culture and background in order to provide them with the care they deserve in the most efficient and adequate way. Undoubtedly, that does not require full knowledge of all other cultures but rather the awareness, respect and appreciationRead MoreTalking about Cultural Intelligence1887 Words   |  7 PagesWhen talking about cultural intelligence the first thing that comes to mind is the ability of culture, either individually or collectively, to interact with other cultures. Cultural intelligence does not refer to nationality, but rather to culture itself. And when talking about culture we are talking about values, attitudes, and beliefs shared by a group of people, when we talk about culture we also refer to organizational cultures, and other professionals that identify us with the groups they belongRead MoreClass Lecture On Diversity : The Fundamental Understanding Of Race, Class, And Gender Essay1564 Words   |  7 PagesOur class lecture on diversity was overall very informative and shared a lot of the values that I hold myself. The lecture went over the fundamental understanding of race, class, and gender as well as social interactions. Understanding differences in one another helps us all to recognize and appreciate the intercultural dynamics. Understanding that we have similar interests or beliefs can encourage cooperation and cohesion. Diversity can be defined as people coming together from different races,Read MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy : The Traditional Form Of Behavior1166 Words   |  5 Pagesprocedures to follow in replacing irrational views with rational beliefs. To wrap this all up with a little bow, rational rearranging to modify a patient’s dysfunctional personality consists of the following: (1) acknowledgement of ou r responsibility for creating emotional problems; (2) acceptance of the concept that we can change them significantly; (3) recognition that our emotional issues branch from irrational beliefs; (4) finding a clear perception of those beliefs; (5) discovering the valueRead MoreThe Cultural Practices Of Buddhism1460 Words   |  6 Pagespracticing Buddhists. In healthcare, where there is a wide cross section of individuals, the need for cultural awareness exists even more. This paper will discuss some of the cultural practices of Buddhists, as it relates to their beliefs, and the impact they have on the wellness and illness or Buddhists. It will also show how the ignorance of cultural differences in Buddhism can be remedied by cultural competency which would be expressed in the form of encourage therapeutic care. In Buddhism, the lawRead MoreDevelopment Of The Recovery Model1518 Words   |  7 PagesMany of the postmodern theories state that truth is subjective and will never be fully known because reality is based upon each individual’s perception. Thus objectivity isn’t possible. Many of the social constructivist foundations however are considered to be solution focused and collaborative. Both of these theories focuses on the relationships that have been built to create the perceived reality and the meaning that the client has given to their life. Both of these theories also focus on the impactRead MoreTelevision Is A Popular Form Of Media Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pages Television is a popular form of media that permeates the lives of many. It is a staple form of popular culture, enjoyed as a form of escape and distraction from reality. Unlike other forms of media, television is significantly tied to its economic model. Television’s primary purpose is to sell audienc es to advertisers, meaning that the purpose of creating a program is to make a large audience who will be forced to watch advertisements during commercial breaks. Without such advertisements, stationsRead MoreStrengths Based Social Work Assessment : Transforming The Dominant Paradigm1443 Words   |  6 Pagesfails to recognize the impact of this worldview on an individual’s view about all human behavior, and human inability to designate behavior in various contexts. According to the article, Graybeal (2001) argues that this approach is commonplace in social services, where people’s perception about behavior influences how services are provided, which in turn limits access to services. The worldview also considerably affects the perceptions of customers and practitioners in the world (Graybeal, 2001). GraybealRead MoreThe Journey of India Through History in The Argumentative Indian by Dr. Amartya Sen886 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween the proponent and the opponents view; a vivaad i.e. an argument seeking to push ones point of view over that held by the other; and lastly, a vitandavaad, which solely seeks to raze the opposing views, while offering them no other alternative system. In that sense, the book, â€Å"The Argumentative Indian† written by Dr. Amartya Sen, the Nobel laureate has been very appropriately titled and that through this he has unwittingly revealed his own views. The way the book moves ahead, are thoughts

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia And Illness Anxiety...

I would diagnose Mr Beaver with Schizophrenia and Illness Anxiety Disorder. At first I thought that Mr Beaver had Somatic Symptom Disorder due to his constant worrying of brain numbness, but as I looked deeper into his case I believe his symptoms match Illness Anxiety Disorder. I went back and forth on which disorder he has or if he only had Schizophrenia. As I looked further into Mr Beavers case I believe he has Schizophrenia and Illness Anxiety Disorder. The symptoms that are present that support Schizophrenia include delusions, hallucinations, and negative symptoms. Mr Beaver showed two types of delusions. The first type was Persecution. As he was leaving the doctors he had told other patients that the doctors are out to get them, by saying not to trust the doctors. He also said that the doctors must all be working together and that they were told not to tell him what is wrong with him. Both of these symptoms are part of the Persecution Delusion. Due to this feeling he began to is olate himself in his room due to the fact that it was a safe place for him. The second delusion is Reference Delusion. It was mentioned that Justin Beaver felt that the TV was talking to him specifically. Mr Beaver also showed two symptoms for hallucinations. The first one was Auditory Hallucination. While listening to the radio, Justin Beaver would softly hear his name being called. As he would go and check out where his name was being called from he would experience a Olfactory Hallucination.Show MoreRelatedMental Health1329 Words   |  6 Pagesevent, stress, or systems of drug or alcohol use, lack of sleep or physical illness. It can also be used to describe long-term psychiatric conditions, which may have significant effects on an individual’s functioning. Some of the most common mental health problems are; anxiety, depression, psychosis, mania, schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, OCD. A qualified clinician should only diagnose such conditions. Anxiety and depression feature as the two most common reasons for people to consultRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Children1256 Words   |  6 PagesOver the years, a disorder known as Schizophrenia has affected many people across the globe. Before advances in the 20th century mental health movement occurred, many thought that the symptoms conveyed by an individual with the disorder were demonically possessed (Walker and Tessner 2008). Today, more and more people are being properly educated about this disorder and understand its effects on individuals, however, there are misguided and false perceptions about it, similar to those prior to theRead MoreSchizophrenia- Mental Disorder1002 Words   |  5 Pagesthat later diagnosed him with disorganized schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a severe chronic mental disorder that causes people to live in an alternate â€Å"universe† inside of his or her head. There are different types of schizophrenia that have different symptoms from one another and different causes of the disorder, but thankfully there are medicines that can help ease some of the symptoms. Schizophrenia is defined as a â€Å"group of severe mental disorders characterized by reality distortions resultingRead MoreSchizophreni A Mental Disorder904 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia is a chronic mental illness that affects approximately 1% of people around the world, and more than two million citizens in the U.S. alone (Dryden-Edwards). This illness is seen to affect men more often than woman. Schizophrenia is one of many psychotic mental disorders and usually presents with symptoms including behavior, thought, and social issues. Many people would describe schizophrenia more simply as a mental disorder that is characterized by abnormal social behavior which leavesRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Symptoms, Causes, Treatments954 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Schizophrenia is a turbulent mental illness that many people throughout America are suffering from. The word schizophrenia comes from th One percent of America’s population is diagnosed with Schizophrenia each year. This mental disorder is more common in late teenagers and young adults ranging from the ages of 20 to 30. It is proven that this illness occurs in more young men than women. People who suffer from schizophrenia usually cannot have normal lives due to the disabling symptoms. ThisRead MoreThe Effects Of Emotional Disorder On The Individual s Life1641 Words   |  7 Pagesare many causes that are liked to an emotional disorder. From a cognitive perspective, it is well known that when there is some type of impairment in certain brain areas then there is a large change that there is a mental illness present in the individual’s life. A person’s cognitive skills are necessary and fundamental for elements such as: attention, information processing, as well a s memory, and critical thinking. This means that a cognitive disorder would have an impact on the person’s perceptionRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder And Social Anxiety1372 Words   |  6 Pagesphysical illness, we automatically jump to the conclusion that those people are different and we can’t be seen with them for the sake of a simple reputation. People know that others who suffer from these illnesses are different, yet they don’t question what is happening to that person because of their mental illness or how much they’re outcast. This brief article is to show what exactly these people are going through. Mental illnesses such as dissociative identity disorder, social anxiety, bipolarismRead MoreCase Study of Wage and Salary Administration1285 Words   |  6 PagesPsychopathology Defined Medical Student’s Syndrome Abnormality Normality Classification Psychopathology Defined Means sickness of the mind. There are many synonyms: Emotional Disorder Craziness Lunacy Mental Illness Mental Deviation Nervous Disease Mental Abnormality Psychiatric Illness Psychopathology Etc. Medical Student’s Syndrome Medical student’s studying the heart became sensitive to the sounds of their own hearts. We are studying the mind. Lets not getRead MoreSymptoms And Treatments Of Schizophrenia1205 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia Roughly 2.5 Million Americans have been diagnosed with a chronical brain disorder known as Schizophrenia. Most people believe schizophrenia causes people to have split personalities, but that’s not the case. The illness called Schizophrenia causes a person to hallucinate, hear voices that others can’t hear, make people believe that they are being watched, and the belief somebody is out to harm them. (Mental Health America 2015) In this paper I will write about the prevalence, whatRead MoreSchizophrenia Is A Disease Of The Mind953 Words   |  4 Pages Schizophrenia is a disease of the mind. It effects all races and ages. There are many dugs that can help treat Schizophrenia, but there is no cure for it. People that suffer from Schizophrenia can be helped by receiving psychological treatments along with a strong support group. â€Æ' The psychiatric disorder I chose was schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental illness that causes people to experience hallucinations, delusions, and confused speech and behavior. I am going to explain what

Computer Programming Work West Midlands Fire Service

Question: West Midlands Fire Service are looking to bring their command and control centre into the 21st century with an all new Intelligent Resource Monitoring Solution (IRMS). The system will enable the commander to track resources as they tackle an incident, reallocating to best tackle the situation and also provide a useful tool for debrief and training. It envisaged that the system will make full use of GPS and wifi/gsm networks to communicate back to a central server the location of resources. In each case the resource will have a list of skills associated which may need to be highlighted. Training and analysis will require playback feature and also ability to highlight resource groups etc. Requirements:Administration functions Allocate an id to a resource Create/modify a list of skills against a resource Group resources, by skill See individual movement of resources overlaid on a map, with tracer on highlighted resource (ie medic) See when GPS signal is lost (ie entered a closed space) Calculate time of loss Replay map and movement of resources, similar to football analysis of player movement etc Answer: Selected Technologies for West Midlands Fire Service to implement the customers requirements As the system grow rapidly, the organisation West Midlands Fire Service looking forward to design a new system that bring command and control the overall business process. According to the management of the company, the organisation tries to develop the new Intelligent Resource Monitoring System that can allow to track their customers and tackle the incidents. Apart from that, the development technologies also helps in tacking the current situation of the company and fulfil the requirement of their customers demand. Therefore, in order to fulfil the requirement of the administration as well as customers of the West Midlands Fire Service, analyst selected the Version Control System technology. Apart from that, the analyst of this report selected the PHP coding style among all the different programming languages. Use of Version Control System is one of the most effective systems of collaboration. Through using this system the developers can allows to share the code comments, as well as any issues such as bug entries, etc (Baker and Heroux, 2012). Use of the Version Control System allows in code committing, statistics, bug fixing, etc. On the other hand, in terms of wiring the source of code, analyst used the common coding styles (PHP) from the various programming languages. PHP is open source programming that may helps in implementing the new e-commerce site for the selected company in terms of meeting their consumer preference (Dmmler, Rauber and Rnger, 2012). Apart from that, PHP coding style has high coding standards and its greatly helps in developing a e-commerce site that is easy to use. Justification of Selected Languages The developers of the West Midlands Fire Services used the Version Control System technology in terms of implementing the system to meet the consumer demand. Version Control System is used because it allows the developers in updating documents frequently according to needs and demands of the developers or business requirements. Apart from that, it is not only allow the developers in controlling the source code as well as files but also make the team or the developers more productive. Version Control System allows the developers in communicating the entire members of developing groups through emails about the updates (Ferro, Mury and Schulze, 2011). Moreover, through this system, it makes the updates directly from the central server of the company. Apart from that, the file name including the directory is separate with unique id within the database. It allows in making changes with greater confidence (Gaurav and Wojtkiewicz, 2011). Moreover, Version Control System is allow the develop ers in reverting the information to the production centre properly. Developers of the West Midlands Fire Services used the common coding styles in terms of writing the in order to write the source code through PHP language. It is because it helps in finding out the appropriate comments as well as misspelled word. Moreover, in major cases it has been found out that developers or the programmers mistakenly write same code two times in their comments. Therefore, use of common coding style can help in writing appropriate comments as well as source code (Kumar, 2012). It is also helps in increasing the quality of not only for the execution but also from the point of view of appearance. Moreover, the most important thing of using the common coding style technology is the plain and simple. Writing source code through common coding style helps in making the comment more professional and attracted the customers to read the comment for West Midlands Fire Service. Vetter and Raghavan (2013) argued that in the integrated development environment (IDE) such as vis ual studio, coding style probably matches with all types of editors in the IT environment. Moreover, coding style also helps the selected organisation in making their comments more numerous from the point of view of language. Limitations of the selected technologies The version control system allows the developers in centralizing the information. Therefore, theft of information or the chances of data loss are high for this particular technology especially for the business of West Midlands Fire Service. Apart from that, changes in the central server within the version control system also change the entire system respectably. Therefore, programmer finds to much difficult to handle the problem. Moreover, if the contain of the information or project is large the binary files some time does not compressed easily. Furthermore, for the business of West Midlands Fire Service the history of business is very long. Therefore, downloading of entire history can take time as well as disc space. References Baker, C. and Heroux, M. (2012). Tpetra, and the Use of Generic Programming in Scientific Computing.Scientific Programming, 20(2), pp.115-128. Dmmler, J., Rauber, T. and Rnger, G. (2012). Combined Scheduling and Mapping for Scalable Computing with Parallel Tasks.Scientific Programming, 20(1), pp.45-67. Ferro, M., Mury, A. and Schulze, B. (2011). A proposal to apply inductive logic programming to self-healing problem in grid computing: How will it work?.Concurrency Computat.: Pract. Exper., 23(17), pp.2118-2135. Gaurav, and Wojtkiewicz, S. (2011). Use of GPU Computing for Uncertainty Quantification in Computational Mechanics: A Case Study.Scientific Programming, 19(4), pp.199-212. Kumar, S. (2012). Robotics Analysis and Programming.IJACITIPA, 1(1). Vetter, J. and Raghavan, P. (2013). Special Issue: Selected Papers from Super Computing 2012.Scientific Programming, 21(3-4), pp.63-64.

Psychotic Or Gifted Essays - Bonfire, Canty,

Psychotic or Gifted In the ancient city of London, on a certain autumn day in the second quarter of the sixteenth century, a boy was born to a poor family of the name of Canty, who did not want him. On the same day another English child was born to a rich family of the name of Tudor, who did want him. All England wanted him too. England had so longed for him, and hoped for him, and prayed God for him, that, now that he was really come, the people went nearly mad for joy. Mere acquaintances hugged and kissed each other and cried. Everybody took a holiday, and high and low, rich and poor, feasted and danced and sang, and got very mellow; and they kept this up for days and nights together. By day, London was a sight to see, with gay banners waving from every balcony and housetop, and splendid pageants marching along. By night, it was again a sight to see, with its great bonfires at every corner, and its troops of revelers making merry around them. There was no talk in all England but of the new baby, Edward Tudor, Prince of Wales, who lay lapped in silks and satins, unconscious of all this fuss, and not knowing that great lords and ladies were tending him and watching over him- and not caring, either. But there was no talk about the other baby, Tom Canty, lapped in his poor rags, except among the family of paupers whom he had just come to to talk.

Free Essays on Oedipus As A Tragic Hero

Sophocles’ Oedipus is a perfect model of the human potential to achieve godlike greatness despite his tragic downfall. Before his fate is revealed, pride, impiety, and ignorance bring his own nemesis, yet because of the remarkable intelligence, courage, and leadership skills he displays in dealing with calamity Oedipus ultimately reveals how ones spirit can become godlike. Before the opening scene, Oedipus’s hubris and impiety have already led him toward self-destruction. He commits both patricide and regicide on the crossroads because of his lack of respect for those in power, and because he is very prideful. He sees â€Å"the old man †¦ coming up along his wheels†, but does not waver to let him by. Instead he ignorantly â€Å"kill[s] them all – every mothers son!† even despite of the oracles prophesy (621). Also, he impudently belittles the gods by claiming his intelligence alone freed the people from the sphinx â€Å"With no help from the b irds† (606). By contemptuously announcing, â€Å"You pray to the gods? Let me grant your prayers,† Oedipus implies he feels superlative to the Gods, which sets him up for doom (606). Because Oedipus tests his humanly powers he reaches the boundary between mankind and divine power, and it is at this point that the truth of fate brings his anagnorisis, and his hamartia is broken. Through his demonstration of superior intellect, bravery, and his unselfish sacrifice for his country Oedipus is the Greeks model for the greatness that humans can achieve. Because of his intellect Oedipus is rated â€Å"first of men† (600). He is the only one capable of solving the sphinx’s riddle to free the city of Thebes (600). He is also the first to derive a solution for the plague. Claiming that he â€Å"labor[ed] over many paths of thought,† he finally sends Creon to Delphi in search for cure. In discovering fate, and dealing with its truth Oedipus also illustrates pr ofound courageousness. His passionate concern ... Free Essays on Oedipus As A Tragic Hero Free Essays on Oedipus As A Tragic Hero Sophocles’ Oedipus is a perfect model of the human potential to achieve godlike greatness despite his tragic downfall. Before his fate is revealed, pride, impiety, and ignorance bring his own nemesis, yet because of the remarkable intelligence, courage, and leadership skills he displays in dealing with calamity Oedipus ultimately reveals how ones spirit can become godlike. Before the opening scene, Oedipus’s hubris and impiety have already led him toward self-destruction. He commits both patricide and regicide on the crossroads because of his lack of respect for those in power, and because he is very prideful. He sees â€Å"the old man †¦ coming up along his wheels†, but does not waver to let him by. Instead he ignorantly â€Å"kill[s] them all – every mothers son!† even despite of the oracles prophesy (621). Also, he impudently belittles the gods by claiming his intelligence alone freed the people from the sphinx â€Å"With no help from the b irds† (606). By contemptuously announcing, â€Å"You pray to the gods? Let me grant your prayers,† Oedipus implies he feels superlative to the Gods, which sets him up for doom (606). Because Oedipus tests his humanly powers he reaches the boundary between mankind and divine power, and it is at this point that the truth of fate brings his anagnorisis, and his hamartia is broken. Through his demonstration of superior intellect, bravery, and his unselfish sacrifice for his country Oedipus is the Greeks model for the greatness that humans can achieve. Because of his intellect Oedipus is rated â€Å"first of men† (600). He is the only one capable of solving the sphinx’s riddle to free the city of Thebes (600). He is also the first to derive a solution for the plague. Claiming that he â€Å"labor[ed] over many paths of thought,† he finally sends Creon to Delphi in search for cure. In discovering fate, and dealing with its truth Oedipus also illustrates pr ofound courageousness. His passionate concern ...

Press Release Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Press Release - Essay Example e standard elements or components, to wit: â€Å"( 1) Company Letterhead, Name, Address, Phone Number, Web Address; (2) PRESS RELEASE in all caps; (3) Contact Persons Name; (4) Immediate Release or Release Date(all caps); (5) HEADLINE or TITLE in BOLD/CAPS; (6) BODY-Date/City-who, what, when, where and why; (7) Catchy Text; (8) Sum it up...; (9) Basic Font, Double Spaced, Page Numbers, and ###; and (10) Action Plan/Calendar† (Aten, n.d., par. 9). All crucial elements are easily identifiable and readily available making preparation and implementation stress-free. Since the purpose of the press release is to enhance public awareness of an organization’s product, services, or activities, the structure and presentation format needs to contain all the elements identified above. At the same time, the message must be timely, catchy, and attractive enough to encourage the potential viewers’ interests and promote commitment to one’s cause. Various organizations opt to use press releases as a tool in public relations to increase awareness of the organization’s vision, direction, or focus at some point in time: either in the introductory stage, during promotional or campaign periods, and as strategies designed to spur productivity and growth. Hollis, New York – November 11, 2010 – Good news to all commuters vying the subway area along the city of New York, a newly opened food store targeting businessmen, students, senior citizens, and various professionals from all walks of life is now the solution to your hunger pangs. Benjamin Smith, the owner and proprietor of Healthy Snacks Alternative is now open for business with several food stall along the subway. Healthy Snacks offer subway sandwiches with a variety of fillings from cold meat, tuna, vegetables, cheese, eggs and other healthy fillings one can think of – at the most affordable price and readily available for take-out or dine-in, as needed. There is an array of beverages, likewise, available on

Corporate Governance in Russia Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Corporate Governance in Russia - Dissertation Example A total of 74 companies was analysed, 34 companies from LSE, 4 from NYSE and 36 listed on RTS. The sample size was calculated from a Web-based sample size calculator using the following parameters : (1) a margin of error of 7%; (2) a confidence level of 95%; (3) a population size of 5,580; and (4) response distribution of 10%. The population size of 5,580 is the total number of companies listed with the Russian Trading System (297), the New York Stock Exchange (2,317) and the London Stock Exchange (2,966). The minimum recommended sample was 70 but for contingency, this number was increased by 5%, hence the actual sample size used was 74. Companies which were listed with LSE and NYSE are categorised as class listed (CL). These are the companies are listed abroad, numbering 38. The non-class listed companies (NCL) are those companies that are listed only with RTS in Russia. The list of the companies and a screenshot of the output from the Web-based sample size calculator can be found i n the Appendix.... The test is repeated until all the outliers are deleted. Grubbs test works on the principle that with the outliers deleted, data tend to be normally distributed (Thompson and Lowthian, 2011). In this regard, use of Grubbs test requires prudence in estimating normality of the distribution in the dataset. Moreover, the test may not be applied for a small sample size of six or less since repeated iterations alter the chances of detecting outliers (Thompson and Lowthian, 2011). In the case of this research, CL and NCL data sets made the use of the Grubb’s test impossible, because it detected too many outliers, because CL firms tend to be large and well-established, also the specific environment in which firms operate would influence their board characteristics and availability of data. Considering the big information availability difference of the treatment and benchmark populations comparison between those independent samples can be problematic. Log base 10 Further, logarithm was applied on operating revenue and number of employees. The most common description of log or logarithm of a number represents the exponent by which a fixed number, called the base, has to be exponentiated to generate the fixed number (Bland, 2007). For the current research common logarithms (logs to base 10) are useful in a several ways. First of all, they simplify the data output for further calculations. Secondly, log transformation is applicable to data in where the residuals tend to assume bigger values as the values of the dependent variable increases. The danger in this type of scenario is that the error or change in the value of an outcome variable is a percentage and not an absolute value. Hence, similar percentage